{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7147336397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36349/easjpid.2026.v08i01.004","title":"Phytochemical Analysis, Acute Toxicity and In vitro Activity of Ethanolic Leaves Extract of Waltheria indica (Sterculiaceae) on Onchocerca ochengi and Caenorhabditis elegans","display_name":"Phytochemical Analysis, Acute Toxicity and In vitro Activity of Ethanolic Leaves Extract of Waltheria indica (Sterculiaceae) on Onchocerca ochengi and Caenorhabditis elegans","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7147336397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36349/easjpid.2026.v08i01.004"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.36349/easjpid.2026.v08i01.004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36349/easjpid.2026.v08i01.004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36349/easjpid.2026.v08i01.004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191576","display_name":"EAS Journal of Parasitology and Infectious Diseases","issn_l":"2663-0982","issn":["2663-0982","2663-6727"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EAS Journal of Parasitology and Infectious Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.36349/easjpid.2026.v08i01.004","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104271306","display_name":"Ndouwe Tissebe Menga Honor\u00e9","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ndouw\u00e9 Tiss\u00e9b\u00e9 Menga Honor\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031566049","display_name":"Djafsia Boursou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6729-1725","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6729-1725"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Djafsia Boursou","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018775170","display_name":"Jacqueline Dikti Vildina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6857-3452","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6857-3452"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dikti Vildina Jacqueline","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093832807","display_name":"Ndjonka Dieudonne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1757-9672","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1757-9672"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ndjonka Dieudonn\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"01","first_page":"28","last_page":"37"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11702","display_name":"Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11702","display_name":"Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11065","display_name":"Insect Pest Control Strategies","score":0.003100000089034438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10695","display_name":"Parasites and Host Interactions","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2405","display_name":"Parasitology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waltheria-indica","display_name":"Waltheria indica","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/onchocerca-volvulus","display_name":"Onchocerca volvulus","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/onchocerciasis","display_name":"onchocerciasis","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antinematodal-activity","display_name":"antinematodal activity","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plant-extracts","display_name":"plant extracts","score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phytochemical-screening","display_name":"phytochemical screening","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acute-toxicity","display_name":"acute toxicity","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/caenorhabditis-elegans","display_name":"Caenorhabditis elegans","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saponins","display_name":"saponins","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flavonoids","display_name":"flavonoids","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tannins","display_name":"tannins","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phenolic-acids","display_name":"phenolic acids","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anthelmintic-resistance","display_name":"anthelmintic resistance","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nematode-infection","display_name":"nematode infection","score":0.4699999988079071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116263406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299024","display_name":"Acute toxicity","level":3,"score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195475562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1639139","display_name":"Phytochemical","level":2,"score":0.8515999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781325985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q417097","display_name":"Levamisole","level":2,"score":0.6773999929428101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.6225000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29730261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274160","display_name":"Toxicity","level":2,"score":0.5705000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556039675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q771035","display_name":"Traditional medicine","level":1,"score":0.5697000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778944004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q91703","display_name":"Caenorhabditis elegans","level":3,"score":0.5217999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777499811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415178","display_name":"Ivermectin","level":2,"score":0.5127000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776908094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q572294","display_name":"Anthelmintic","level":2,"score":0.48170000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167552308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q711849","display_name":"Median lethal dose","level":3,"score":0.4560999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202751555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221681","display_name":"In vitro","level":2,"score":0.4422000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777544843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21136","display_name":"Lethal dose","level":2,"score":0.4406999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778830712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5185","display_name":"Nematode","level":2,"score":0.37459999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776912151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2679195","display_name":"Onchocerca","level":4,"score":0.3643999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778004101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133948","display_name":"Antioxidant","level":2,"score":0.3573000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.350600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.34860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.32589998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33618052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6013136","display_name":"In vitro toxicology","level":3,"score":0.3151000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64299311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374535","display_name":"Colorimetry","level":2,"score":0.2874999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777728882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407142","display_name":"Phenols","level":2,"score":0.287200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779158651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188840","display_name":"Medicinal plants","level":2,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206103511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q426694","display_name":"Terpenoid","level":2,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33070731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7218","display_name":"Toxicology","level":1,"score":0.27000001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116073593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864491","display_name":"Biological activity","level":3,"score":0.2531000077724457}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.36349/easjpid.2026.v08i01.004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36349/easjpid.2026.v08i01.004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36349/easjpid.2026.v08i01.004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191576","display_name":"EAS Journal of Parasitology and Infectious Diseases","issn_l":"2663-0982","issn":["2663-0982","2663-6727"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EAS Journal of Parasitology and Infectious Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.36349/easjpid.2026.v08i01.004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36349/easjpid.2026.v08i01.004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36349/easjpid.2026.v08i01.004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191576","display_name":"EAS Journal of Parasitology and Infectious Diseases","issn_l":"2663-0982","issn":["2663-0982","2663-6727"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EAS Journal of Parasitology and Infectious Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8048999905586243}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2746703558","https://openalex.org/W7217974591","https://openalex.org/W4289732060","https://openalex.org/W3091143354","https://openalex.org/W4303696783","https://openalex.org/W4377018980","https://openalex.org/W2807933354","https://openalex.org/W2059244724","https://openalex.org/W2996591019","https://openalex.org/W4382199898"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Onchocerciasis":[0],"is":[1,50,58,231],"responsible":[2],"of":[3,7,11,27,30,48,64,73,94,139,174,181,220,253],"a":[4],"considerable":[5],"burden":[6],"diseases,":[8],"mainly":[9],"because":[10],"its":[12],"symptoms:":[13],"visual":[14],"impairment,":[15],"blindness,":[16],"disfiguring":[17],"skin":[18],"lesions,":[19],"and":[20,41,53,75,89,110,114,132,147,167,186,214],"severe":[21],"itching,":[22],"which":[23],"are":[24,35],"the":[25,28,39,45,123,153,157,179,194,229,240],"results":[26,226],"death":[29],"microfilariae.":[31],"Since":[32],"these":[33],"infections":[34,249],"predominantly":[36],"widespread":[37],"in":[38,69,86,251],"poor":[40],"developing":[42],"nations":[43],"Ivermectin,":[44],"current":[46],"drug":[47,254],"choice,":[49],"only":[51],"microfilaricidal":[52],"suboptimal":[54],"response":[55],"to":[56,156,246],"it,":[57],"increasingly":[59],"being":[60],"reported.":[61],"Adult":[62],"males":[63],"Onchocerca":[65],"ochengi":[66,146],"were":[67,82,116,135,193],"incubated":[68,83],"RPMI-1640":[70],"medium":[71],"supplemented":[72,93],"penicillin/streptomicin":[74],"plant":[76,95,241],"extract":[77,96,158,242],"or":[78,97],"drugs.":[79,98,259],"Caenorhabditis":[80],"elegans":[81],"at":[84],"20\u00b0C":[85],"NGM-Agar":[87],"seeded":[88],"E.":[90],"coli":[91],"OP50":[92],"Worm":[99],"mortality":[100],"was":[101,122,142,152],"determined":[102],"biochemically":[103],"by":[104,199],"MTT/formazan":[105],"colorimetry":[106],"after":[107],"24,":[108],"48":[109],"72":[111],"h.":[112],"Ivermectin":[113],"levamisole":[115],"used":[117,245],"as":[118],"positive":[119],"controle.":[120],"DMSO":[121],"negative":[124],"control.":[125],"Acute":[126],"toxicity":[127,225],"on":[128],"mice":[129],"(Mus":[130],"musculus)":[131],"phytochemical":[133],"compounds":[134],"also":[136],"determined.":[137],"ELE":[138],"W.":[140],"indica":[141],"lethal":[143],"against":[144],"O.":[145,150],"C.":[148],"elegans.":[149],"ocheng":[151],"most":[154,195],"sensitive":[155],"with":[159],"LC50.":[160],"Values":[161],"between":[162],"4.03":[163],"\u00b1":[164,169,190,202,210,217],"0.51":[165],"\u00b5g/ml":[166],"27.46":[168],"0.08":[170],"\u00b5g/ml.":[171],"The":[172,223,236],"determination":[173],"secondary":[175],"metabolites":[176],"has":[177],"revealed":[178],"presence":[180],"tannins,":[182],"phenolic":[183,207],"acids,":[184],"saponins":[185],"flavonoids.":[187],"Saponins":[188],"(12.39":[189],"1.00":[191],"mg/g)":[192],"quantified":[196],"compound":[197],"followed":[198],"tannins":[200],"(0.96":[201],"0.07":[203,211,218],"mg":[204,219],"GAE/":[205],"100g),":[206],"acid":[208],"(0.51":[209],"mg/g":[212],"GAE)":[213],"flavonoids":[215],"(0.04":[216],"rutin/":[221],"100g).":[222],"acute":[224],"showed":[227],"that":[228,239],"LD50":[230],"greater":[232],"than":[233],"5000":[234],"mg/kg.":[235],"data":[237],"indicate":[238],"could":[243],"be":[244],"treat":[247],"nematode":[248],"even":[250],"cases":[252],"resistance":[255],"towards":[256],"established":[257],"anthelmintic":[258]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-04-02T00:00:00"}
