{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7147052091","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.03.29.26349652","title":"Tracking cross-border transmission of Rwanda\u2019s successful dominant rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clone using genomic markers","display_name":"Tracking cross-border transmission of Rwanda\u2019s successful dominant rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clone using genomic markers","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7147052091","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.03.29.26349652"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.03.29.26349652","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.03.29.26349652","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.03.29.26349652","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/03/31/2026.03.29.26349652.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/03/31/2026.03.29.26349652.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051405805","display_name":"Isabel Cuella Martin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7543-3386","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7543-3386"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78281549","display_name":"Instituut voor Tropische Geneeskunde","ror":"https://ror.org/03xq4x896","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Isabel Cuella-Martin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp University, Antwerp, Belgium","Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7543-3386","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp University, Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079105567","display_name":"Wim Mulders","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9566-3653","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9566-3653"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78281549","display_name":"Instituut voor Tropische Geneeskunde","ror":"https://ror.org/03xq4x896","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wim Mulders","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9566-3653","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036989798","display_name":"Jelle Keysers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4685-7972","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4685-7972"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78281549","display_name":"Instituut voor Tropische Geneeskunde","ror":"https://ror.org/03xq4x896","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jelle Keysers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4685-7972","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020254453","display_name":"Fran\u00e7ois Hakizayezu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4265-2371","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4265-2371"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148345","display_name":"Rwanda Biomedical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03jggqf79","country_code":"RW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345","https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]}],"countries":["RW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francois Hakizayezu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Reference Laboratory Division, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4265-2371","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Reference Laboratory Division, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067327845","display_name":"Hosee Niyompano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7611-5678","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7611-5678"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148345","display_name":"Rwanda Biomedical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03jggqf79","country_code":"RW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345","https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]}],"countries":["RW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hosee Niyompano","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Reference Laboratory Division, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7611-5678","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Reference Laboratory Division, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106452160","display_name":"Docteur Runyambo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6103-6703","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6103-6703"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148345","display_name":"Rwanda Biomedical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03jggqf79","country_code":"RW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345","https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]}],"countries":["RW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Docteur Runyambo","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Reference Laboratory Division, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6103-6703","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Reference Laboratory Division, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045845191","display_name":"Willem Bram de Rijk","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78281549","display_name":"Instituut voor Tropische Geneeskunde","ror":"https://ror.org/03xq4x896","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Willem Bram De Rijk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056485188","display_name":"Jody Emile Phelan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8323-7019","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8323-7019"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","display_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0jsq62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jody Phelan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8323-7019","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069490240","display_name":"Yves Mucyo Habimana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6097-1405","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6097-1405"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148345","display_name":"Rwanda Biomedical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03jggqf79","country_code":"RW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345","https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]}],"countries":["RW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yves Mucyo Habimana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tuberculosis and Other Respiratory Diseases Division, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6097-1405","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tuberculosis and Other Respiratory Diseases Division, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055461864","display_name":"Patrick Migambi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4344-2872","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4344-2872"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148345","display_name":"Rwanda Biomedical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03jggqf79","country_code":"RW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345","https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]}],"countries":["RW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Migambi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tuberculosis and Other Respiratory Diseases Division, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4344-2872","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tuberculosis and Other Respiratory Diseases Division, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012086508","display_name":"Michel Sawadogo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0492-9004","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0492-9004"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405269934","display_name":"Action Damien","ror":"https://ror.org/05p0vdx37","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405269934"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michel Sawadogo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Damien Foundation, Bujumbura, Burundi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Damien Foundation, Bujumbura, Burundi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405269934"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038756960","display_name":"Claude Mambo Muvunyi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4180-442X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4180-442X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148345","display_name":"Rwanda Biomedical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03jggqf79","country_code":"RW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345","https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]}],"countries":["RW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claude Mambo Muvunyi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044411310","display_name":"Bouke Catherine de Jong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1017-4675","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1017-4675"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78281549","display_name":"Instituut voor Tropische Geneeskunde","ror":"https://ror.org/03xq4x896","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bouke C. de Jong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084505437","display_name":"Jean Claude Semuto Ngabonziza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6075-5603","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6075-5603"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087849","display_name":"University of Rwanda","ror":"https://ror.org/00286hs46","country_code":"RW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087849"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148345","display_name":"Rwanda Biomedical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03jggqf79","country_code":"RW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345","https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]}],"countries":["RW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jean Claude Semuto Ngabonziza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Biology, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda","Research Innovation and Data Science Division, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6075-5603","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Biology, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087849"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Innovation and Data Science Division, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033438385","display_name":"Leen Rigouts","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3301-9480","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3301-9480"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78281549","display_name":"Instituut voor Tropische Geneeskunde","ror":"https://ror.org/03xq4x896","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leen Rigouts","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp University, Antwerp, Belgium","Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3301-9480","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp University, Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049174092","display_name":"Conor Joseph Meehan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0724-8343","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0724-8343"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52590639","display_name":"Nottingham Trent University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xyxjd90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52590639"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78281549","display_name":"Instituut voor Tropische Geneeskunde","ror":"https://ror.org/03xq4x896","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]}],"countries":["BE","GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Conor J. Meehan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom","Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0724-8343","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52590639"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049174092"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52590639","https://openalex.org/I78281549"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10038","display_name":"Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10038","display_name":"Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11381","display_name":"Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11316","display_name":"Mycobacterium research and diagnosis","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis","display_name":"multidrug-resistant tuberculosis","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rifampicin-resistance","display_name":"rifampicin resistance","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mycobacterium-tuberculosis","display_name":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-border-transmission","display_name":"cross-border transmission","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-nucleotide-polymorphisms","display_name":"single nucleotide polymorphisms","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qpcr-detection-assay","display_name":"qPCR detection assay","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genomic-surveillance","display_name":"genomic surveillance","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/great-lakes-region","display_name":"Great Lakes region","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rwanda","display_name":"Rwanda","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/burundi","display_name":"Burundi","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tuberculosis-epidemiology","display_name":"tuberculosis epidemiology","score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/historical-isolates","display_name":"historical isolates","score":0.3720000088214874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.7146000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777975735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130971","display_name":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis","level":3,"score":0.6241000294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781069245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12204","display_name":"Tuberculosis","level":2,"score":0.565500020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779790121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5779917","display_name":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex","level":4,"score":0.4943000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81089528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5134986","display_name":"clone (Java method)","level":3,"score":0.46869999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.43799999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141231307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7020","display_name":"Genome","level":3,"score":0.4189000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.37310001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.3433000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17757408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4135516","display_name":"genomic DNA","level":3,"score":0.33480000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51679486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380546","display_name":"DNA sequencing","level":3,"score":0.3222000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994067223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380546","display_name":"Genomic sequencing","level":4,"score":0.32179999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020077223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222046","display_name":"Genomic information","level":4,"score":0.31150001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81977670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585259","display_name":"Genetic diversity","level":3,"score":0.3021000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135763542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106016","display_name":"Genotype","level":3,"score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189206191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222046","display_name":"Genomics","level":4,"score":0.2921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97669555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4118435","display_name":"Molecular epidemiology","level":4,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776361769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q821775","display_name":"Public health surveillance","level":3,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31467283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912147","display_name":"Genotyping","level":4,"score":0.275299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24432333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2068526","display_name":"Whole genome sequencing","level":4,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68873052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349856","display_name":"Genetic variation","level":3,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49105822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176996","display_name":"Polymerase chain reaction","level":3,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992243407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q525512","display_name":"Disease transmission","level":2,"score":0.2540999948978424}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.03.29.26349652","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.03.29.26349652","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.03.29.26349652","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/03/31/2026.03.29.26349652.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.03.29.26349652","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.03.29.26349652","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.03.29.26349652","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/03/31/2026.03.29.26349652.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9763000011444092,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/03qtxy027"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338462","display_name":"European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership","ror":"https://ror.org/031jv9v19"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7147052091.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7147052091.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2003025878","https://openalex.org/W2051349672","https://openalex.org/W2069473179","https://openalex.org/W2090640084","https://openalex.org/W2115752666","https://openalex.org/W2124967403","https://openalex.org/W2133488722","https://openalex.org/W2134558351","https://openalex.org/W2149992227","https://openalex.org/W2156358357","https://openalex.org/W2168133698","https://openalex.org/W2177087965","https://openalex.org/W2253227438","https://openalex.org/W2414399248","https://openalex.org/W2463856562","https://openalex.org/W2537428622","https://openalex.org/W2783949242","https://openalex.org/W2791316896","https://openalex.org/W2794044688","https://openalex.org/W2794372577","https://openalex.org/W2807308836","https://openalex.org/W2901029329","https://openalex.org/W2914936090","https://openalex.org/W2943717449","https://openalex.org/W2949867654","https://openalex.org/W2951160681","https://openalex.org/W2951825561","https://openalex.org/W2952463453","https://openalex.org/W2972533591","https://openalex.org/W3013159759","https://openalex.org/W3131055609","https://openalex.org/W3210792531","https://openalex.org/W4244457044","https://openalex.org/W4315701843","https://openalex.org/W4384197559","https://openalex.org/W4386817443","https://openalex.org/W4394666350","https://openalex.org/W4408746302"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4207034028","https://openalex.org/W3153184919","https://openalex.org/W7161634945","https://openalex.org/W2748061884","https://openalex.org/W3164398939","https://openalex.org/W7204248309","https://openalex.org/W4402616697","https://openalex.org/W2573488549","https://openalex.org/W3210455335","https://openalex.org/W3184715093"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"In":[2],"Rwanda,":[3],"genomic":[4,68],"surveillance":[5],"identified":[6,72],"a":[7,48,53,139,158,254,259],"dominant":[8,140],"multidrug-resistant":[9],"tuberculosis":[10,186,291],"(MDR-TB)":[11],"strain,":[12,142],"the":[13,34,112,124,127,144,203,206,210,215,227,243,331,340],"R3clone,":[14],"responsible":[15],"for":[16,146,189,351],"approximately":[17],"70%":[18],"of":[19,33,41,123,138,191,214,229,242,274,289,305,319],"rifampicin-resistant":[20],"TB":[21],"cases.":[22],"Its":[23],"presence":[24],"beyond":[25,295],"Rwanda":[26,197],"remains":[27],"unexplored.":[28],"Methods":[29],"Unique":[30],"genetic":[31],"signatures":[32],"R3clone":[35,74,113,125,204,216,244],"were":[36],"defined":[37],"using":[38],"whole-genome":[39],"sequencing":[40],"MDR-TB":[42,141,207,320],"isolates":[43,62,94],"from":[44,63,78,84,91,101,114,330],"Rwanda.":[45,233,246],"We":[46,71,247],"developed":[47],"targeted":[49],"qPCR":[50,106],"assay":[51],"detecting":[52],"clone-specific":[54],"single-nucleotide":[55],"polymorphism.":[56],"With":[57],"these":[58],"tools,":[59],"we":[60,264],"screened":[61],"neighbouring":[64,282],"countries":[65,175],"and":[66,96,165,223,270,310,316,335,344,362],"public":[67,99,166],"repositories.":[69],"Results":[70],"375":[73],"isolates,":[75],"including":[76],"264":[77],"historical":[79,92],"Rwandan":[80,86],"collections":[81],"(1991-2021),":[82],"49":[83],"recent":[85],"diagnostic":[87],"routine":[88],"(2021-2024),":[89],"25":[90],"Burundi":[93,269],"(2002-2013),":[95],"37":[97],"among":[98],"repositories":[100],"several":[102],"countries.":[103,283,363],"The":[104,346],"R3clone-specific":[105],"showed":[107],"100%":[108],"specificity":[109],"in":[110,239,268,280,299,327,356],"distinguishing":[111],"other":[115,281],"MTBC":[116],"(sub-)lineages.":[117],"Transmission":[118],"analysis":[119],"revealed":[120],"cross-border":[121,136],"transmission":[122,137],"within":[126,172,183,194,209,232,245],"Great":[128],"Lakes":[129],"Region.":[130],"Conclusion":[131],"This":[132],"study":[133,235],"comprehensively":[134],"assesses":[135],"highlighting":[143],"need":[145],"coordinated":[147],"international":[148],"surveillance.":[149],"Impact":[150],"statement":[151],"Tuberculosis":[152],"management":[153,222],"is":[154,198,252],"primarily":[155],"undertaken":[156],"at":[157],"national":[159],"level,":[160],"with":[161,202,302],"associated":[162],"contact":[163],"tracing":[164],"health":[167],"interventions":[168],"also":[169,248],"being":[170],"performed":[171],"country.":[173,211],"Several":[174],"have":[176,217],"signature":[177],"strain":[178],"or":[179],"drug":[180],"resistance":[181],"patterns":[182],"their":[184,195],"Mycobacterium":[185],"population,":[187],"allowing":[188],"tracking":[190,288,309],"circulating":[192],"clones":[193],"borders.":[196],"one":[199],"such":[200],"case,":[201],"dominating":[205],"cases":[208,318],"Previous":[212],"studies":[213],"shown":[218],"that":[219,250,287],"improved":[220],"patient":[221],"treatment":[224],"can":[225],"reduce":[226,317],"prevalence":[228],"this":[230,237,251,266,328],"clone":[231,267],"Our":[234,284],"confirms":[236],"decline":[238],"population":[240],"size":[241],"show":[249],"not":[253],"Rwanda-restricted":[255],"clone;":[256],"by":[257],"developing":[258],"low-cost":[260],"qPCR-based":[261],"detection":[262],"method":[263],"uncovered":[265],"through":[271],"extended":[272],"search":[273],"online":[275],"databases":[276],"additionally":[277],"found":[278],"it":[279],"findings":[285],"demonstrate":[286],"M.":[290],"needs":[292],"to":[293],"extend":[294],"country":[296],"borders,":[297],"especially":[298],"endemic":[300],"regions":[301],"high":[303],"levels":[304],"inter-country":[306],"migration.":[307],"Cross-border":[308],"co-operation":[311],"will":[312],"enhance":[313],"intervention":[314],"measures":[315],"transmission.":[321],"Data":[322],"summary":[323],"All":[324],"samples":[325],"sequenced":[326],"project":[329,333],"InnoR3Tb":[332],"(Rwanda":[334],"Burundi)":[336],"are":[337,354],"available":[338],"via":[339],"ENA":[341,348],"projects":[342],"PRJEB106304":[343],"PRJEB95959.":[345],"exact":[347],"accession":[349],"codes":[350],"each":[352],"sample":[353],"listed":[355],"Table":[357],"S3":[358],"alongside":[359],"sampling":[360],"dates":[361]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-04-02T00:00:00"}