{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7143533046","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.70215","title":"The myth that slow test\u2010takers are worse students: Implications for time\u2010limited testing","display_name":"The myth that slow test\u2010takers are worse students: Implications for time\u2010limited testing","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7143533046","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.70215","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41910065","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13113617"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/medu.70215","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.70215","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.70215","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S54816476","display_name":"Medical Education","issn_l":"0308-0110","issn":["0308-0110","1365-2923"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.70215","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039093671","display_name":"Saul J. Weiner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5637-5392","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5637-5392"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135737","display_name":"Jesse Brown VA Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/049qtwc86","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210115976","https://openalex.org/I4210135737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Saul J. Weiner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, College of Medicine University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA","VA Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare Jesse Brown VA Medical Center  Chicago Illinois USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5637-5392","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"VA Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare Jesse Brown VA Medical Center  Chicago Illinois USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100622818","display_name":"Yoon Soo Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8583-4335","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8583-4335"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoon Soo Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8583-4335","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015435923","display_name":"Morton Ann Gernsbacher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0397-3329","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0397-3329"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Morton Ann Gernsbacher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0397-3329","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055686115","display_name":"Kristina H. Petersen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1944-6972","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1944-6972"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kristina H. Petersen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Washington University School of Medicine  St. Louis Missouri USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington University School of Medicine  St. Louis Missouri USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039093671"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238","https://openalex.org/I4210135737"],"apc_list":{"value":5250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5250},"apc_paid":{"value":5250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5250},"fwci":6.3748,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93719429,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":"10","first_page":"1078","last_page":"1083"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10254","display_name":"Innovations in Medical Education","score":0.9082000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10254","display_name":"Innovations in Medical Education","score":0.9082000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12602","display_name":"Medical Education and Admissions","score":0.06780000030994415,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.00419999985024333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speededness","display_name":"speededness","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-taking-time","display_name":"test-taking time","score":0.42800000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-testing","display_name":"power testing","score":0.5609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testing-accommodations","display_name":"test accommodations","score":0.503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disability","display_name":"disability","score":0.4099999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-validity","display_name":"test validity","score":0.574999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computerized-adaptive-testing","display_name":"computerized adaptive testing","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-proctoring","display_name":"remote proctoring","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-licensing-examinations","display_name":"medical licensing examinations","score":0.6209999918937683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73380752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q609087","display_name":"Gatekeeping","level":2,"score":0.6904000043869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.45829999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4456000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144352353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920411","display_name":"Computerized adaptive testing","level":3,"score":0.42419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519517224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12827256","display_name":"Mythology","level":2,"score":0.3889000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3589000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19012869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578372","display_name":"Response time","level":2,"score":0.33880001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178823583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3269883","display_name":"Online assessment","level":3,"score":0.3231000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781011336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1465133","display_name":"Time limit","level":2,"score":0.3163999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177580056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5611272","display_name":"Group testing","level":2,"score":0.3156000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.3073999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22156102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5341294","display_name":"Educational measurement","level":3,"score":0.2838999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.2802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020067899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1163564","display_name":"Screening test","level":2,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.26579999923706055}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000098002","descriptor_name":"Time Pressure","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004501","descriptor_name":"Education, Medical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004521","descriptor_name":"Educational Measurement","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004521","descriptor_name":"Educational Measurement","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013337","descriptor_name":"Students, Medical","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058013","descriptor_name":"Test Taking Skills","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/medu.70215","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.70215","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.70215","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S54816476","display_name":"Medical Education","issn_l":"0308-0110","issn":["0308-0110","1365-2923"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41910065","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41910065","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical education","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13113617","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13113617/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Med Educ","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/medu.70215","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.70215","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.70215","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S54816476","display_name":"Medical Education","issn_l":"0308-0110","issn":["0308-0110","1365-2923"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8009040668","display_name":"Behavioral and Biological Training in Typical and Atypical Development","funder_award_id":"T32MH075880","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04xeg9z08"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W106630352","https://openalex.org/W618991135","https://openalex.org/W1505141690","https://openalex.org/W2004374923","https://openalex.org/W2037958402","https://openalex.org/W2046626105","https://openalex.org/W2131881671","https://openalex.org/W2132366254","https://openalex.org/W2132828933","https://openalex.org/W2287245522","https://openalex.org/W2313952043","https://openalex.org/W2331047184","https://openalex.org/W2475983703","https://openalex.org/W2792746234","https://openalex.org/W3024005760","https://openalex.org/W3037646221","https://openalex.org/W3217532242","https://openalex.org/W4200385480","https://openalex.org/W4224043206","https://openalex.org/W4232933324","https://openalex.org/W4246415343","https://openalex.org/W4291183981"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3024005760","https://openalex.org/W7019972086","https://openalex.org/W2564213991","https://openalex.org/W2334447243","https://openalex.org/W2103219566","https://openalex.org/W7022483265","https://openalex.org/W3034105328","https://openalex.org/W2251277913","https://openalex.org/W3124929942","https://openalex.org/W3117596979"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PROBLEM:":[0],"Time-limited":[1],"testing,":[2,244],"a":[3,11,21,47,55,110,117,131,142,170,175,190,215],"form":[4],"of":[5,14,107,112,144],"assessment":[6],"in":[7],"which":[8,46,228],"participants":[9],"have":[10,116],"fixed":[12],"amount":[13],"time":[15,49,67,92,100,165,207,260,283],"to":[16,45,57,70,184,187,270],"complete":[17,71,88,151],"an":[18,72],"exam,":[19],"remains":[20],"global":[22],"standard":[23],"across":[24],"the":[25,43,91,258,267],"medical":[26],"education":[27],"continuum":[28],"from":[29],"admissions":[30],"through":[31,201],"licensure":[32],"and":[33,60,102,236,251,261,272],"board":[34],"certification.":[35],"A":[36],"wide-ranging":[37],"literature,":[38],"however,":[39],"documents":[40],"how":[41],"speededness,":[42],"extent":[44],"test's":[48],"limit":[50],"alters":[51],"individual":[52],"performance,":[53],"poses":[54],"threat":[56],"both":[58],"validity":[59],"equity.":[61],"Specifically,":[62],"some":[63,95,127],"students":[64,96],"require":[65],"more":[66,76,99],"than":[68,85],"allotted":[69],"exam.":[73],"When":[74],"afforded":[75],"time,":[77],"they":[78,115,135],"perform":[79],"as":[80,82,168],"well":[81],"or":[83,109,162],"better":[84,156,188],"those":[86,123],"who":[87,97,124,150],"it":[89],"within":[90],"constraints.":[93],"While":[94],"need":[98,269],"seek":[101,125],"obtain":[103],"accommodations,":[104],"many":[105],"others-because":[106],"stigma":[108],"lack":[111,136,143],"awareness":[113],"that":[114,148,204],"disability-fall":[118],"outside":[119],"this":[120,218],"group.":[121],"Among":[122],"accommodation,":[126,227],"are":[128,155],"denied":[129],"despite":[130],"diagnosed":[132],"disability":[133],"because":[134],"childhood":[137],"documentation.":[138],"MYTH:":[139],"There":[140],"is":[141,172,229],"sufficient":[145],"research":[146],"evidence":[147],"people":[149],"academic":[152],"tests":[153,203],"rapidly":[154],"at":[157],"making":[158],"appropriate":[159],"clinical":[160],"decisions":[161],"acting":[163],"under":[164],"pressure,":[166],"such":[167],"when":[169,183],"patient":[171],"bleeding":[173],"into":[174],"surgical":[176],"field.":[177],"Rather,":[178],"studies":[179],"show":[180],"experts":[181],"know":[182],"slow":[185],"down":[186],"manage":[189],"complex":[191],"situation.":[192],"IMPLICATIONS:":[193],"Eliminating":[194],"speededness":[195],"on":[196,276],"exams":[197],"could":[198,219,255],"be":[199,220],"accomplished":[200],"power":[202],"functionally":[205],"eliminate":[206],"pressure":[208],"for":[209],"virtually":[210],"all":[211,224],"test":[212,238],"takers.":[213],"At":[214],"practical":[216],"level,":[217],"achieved":[221],"by":[222],"giving":[223],"examinees":[225],"maximum":[226],"typically":[230],"double":[231],"time.":[232],"Leveraging":[233],"new":[234],"technology":[235],"optimizing":[237],"design,":[239],"including":[240],"utilizing":[241],"computerized":[242],"adaptive":[243],"shortening":[245],"stems,":[246],"providing":[247],"fewer":[248],"response":[249],"items":[250],"allowing":[252],"remote":[253],"proctoring,":[254],"partially":[256],"off-set":[257],"added":[259],"associated":[262],"testing":[263],"centre":[264],"costs.":[265],"Given":[266],"critical":[268],"accurately":[271],"equitably":[273],"assess":[274],"performance":[275],"these":[277],"gatekeeping":[278],"exams,":[279],"we":[280],"recommend":[281],"eliminating":[282],"limits":[284],"expeditiously.":[285]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2026-03-31T00:00:00"}
