{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7143491544","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219198926500039","title":"Revisiting Stackelberg in His Own Light: Conjecture Learning in Leader\u2013Follower Games","display_name":"Revisiting Stackelberg in His Own Light: Conjecture Learning in Leader\u2013Follower Games","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7143491544","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219198926500039"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0219198926500039","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219198926500039","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219198926500039","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130757258","display_name":"International Game Theory Review","issn_l":"0219-1989","issn":["0219-1989","1793-6675"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Game Theory Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04990257v1/file/WP-2025-04.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057517225","display_name":"Denis Claude","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7901-5122","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7901-5122"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177064439","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Bourgogne","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1bsr36","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177064439","https://openalex.org/I4405253280"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405253280","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Europe","ror":"https://ror.org/00g700j37","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405253280"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Denis Claude","raw_affiliation_strings":["LEDi, Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Europe, Dijon, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7901-5122","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LEDi, Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Europe, Dijon, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177064439","https://openalex.org/I4405253280"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048879410","display_name":"Mabel Tidball","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5576-0977","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5576-0977"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24906876","display_name":"Institut Agro Montpellier","ror":"https://ror.org/03rnk6m14","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24906876","https://openalex.org/I4210117091","https://openalex.org/I4399657933"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088668","display_name":"Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement","ror":"https://ror.org/003vg9w96","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088668"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387156380","display_name":"Center for Environmental Economics - Montpellier","ror":"https://ror.org/00rwjvc96","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I19894307","https://openalex.org/I24906876","https://openalex.org/I4210088668","https://openalex.org/I4210117091","https://openalex.org/I4387156380","https://openalex.org/I4399657933"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mabel Tidball","raw_affiliation_strings":["CEE-M, Universit\u00e9 Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5576-0977","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CEE-M, Universit\u00e9 Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I24906876","https://openalex.org/I4210088668","https://openalex.org/I4387156380"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.1403335,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"04","first_page":"2650003","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11031","display_name":"Game Theory and Applications","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11031","display_name":"Game Theory and Applications","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11043","display_name":"Merger and Competition Analysis","score":0.002199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stackelberg-leadership","display_name":"Stackelberg leadership","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stackelberg-game","display_name":"Stackelberg game","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incomplete-information","display_name":"incomplete information","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-confirming-equilibrium","display_name":"self-confirming equilibrium","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-dynamics","display_name":"learning dynamics","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cournot-competition","display_name":"Cournot competition","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartels","display_name":"cartels","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/first-mover-advantage","display_name":"first-mover advantage","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strategic-ambiguity","display_name":"strategic ambiguity","score":0.578000009059906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.7111999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199510392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184602","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","level":2,"score":0.6880999803543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22171661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074380","display_name":"Stochastic game","level":2,"score":0.5347999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180456769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750207","display_name":"Duopoly","level":3,"score":0.48969998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4693000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202556891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1584646","display_name":"Repeated game","level":3,"score":0.46889999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113336015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574010","display_name":"Complete information","level":2,"score":0.46700000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.453900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780990831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319141","display_name":"Conjecture","level":2,"score":0.4449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4230000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93733245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3770642","display_name":"Symmetric game","level":5,"score":0.39629998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3747999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160343169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q968642","display_name":"Backward induction","level":3,"score":0.365200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.35850000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.3391000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3321000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46814582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23389","display_name":"Nash equilibrium","level":2,"score":0.32989999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146930158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q656416","display_name":"Extensive-form game","level":4,"score":0.3188000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32407928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2733833","display_name":"Best response","level":3,"score":0.3095000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.30720001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34388435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267362","display_name":"Bounded function","level":2,"score":0.3050999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129844170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41299","display_name":"Quadratic equation","level":2,"score":0.30489999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107257861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q656316","display_name":"Coordination game","level":2,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164407509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5384490","display_name":"Equilibrium selection","level":4,"score":0.29190000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123676819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074338","display_name":"Perfect information","level":2,"score":0.29100000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22349654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039354","display_name":"Risk dominance","level":5,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778890260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179216","display_name":"Cartel","level":3,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123650614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282491","display_name":"Strategic dominance","level":2,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88959737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1546627","display_name":"Strategy","level":3,"score":0.2759999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779954242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6031227","display_name":"Information structure","level":2,"score":0.27559998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145351099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7621827","display_name":"Strategic complements","level":2,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145071142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411116","display_name":"Fictitious play","level":3,"score":0.258899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.2533000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778029271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421931","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0219198926500039","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219198926500039","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219198926500039","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130757258","display_name":"International Game Theory Review","issn_l":"0219-1989","issn":["0219-1989","1793-6675"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Game Theory Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04990257v1","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04990257","pdf_url":"https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04990257v1/file/WP-2025-04.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405252976","host_organization_name":"Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405252976"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2025","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05571970v1","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05571970","pdf_url":"https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05571970v1/file/IGTRround3Final3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405252976","host_organization_name":"Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405252976"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/10.1142/S0219198926500039","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04990257v1","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04990257","pdf_url":"https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04990257v1/file/WP-2025-04.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405252976","host_organization_name":"Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405252976"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2025","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4394306802","display_name":"Regulations, Innovation and Local Labor Markets","funder_award_id":"ANR-19-CE26-0008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","ror":"https://ror.org/00rbzpz17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327269","display_name":"Conseil r\u00e9gional de Bourgogne-Franche-Comt\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/04t9bwz39"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7143491544.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7143491544.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1523446289","https://openalex.org/W1983488991","https://openalex.org/W2005247087","https://openalex.org/W2028428947","https://openalex.org/W2042893152","https://openalex.org/W2044514067","https://openalex.org/W2047212489","https://openalex.org/W2047438863","https://openalex.org/W2059444650","https://openalex.org/W2064442856","https://openalex.org/W2073104517","https://openalex.org/W2095435089","https://openalex.org/W2096783587","https://openalex.org/W2099849157","https://openalex.org/W2107619343","https://openalex.org/W2126256554","https://openalex.org/W2139725206","https://openalex.org/W2174806087","https://openalex.org/W2800735604","https://openalex.org/W3121138619","https://openalex.org/W3121314692","https://openalex.org/W3121315832","https://openalex.org/W3123927120","https://openalex.org/W4252286936"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4415273171","https://openalex.org/W7048524380","https://openalex.org/W4406786849","https://openalex.org/W4414632975","https://openalex.org/W1501424256","https://openalex.org/W4416338897","https://openalex.org/W4410028811","https://openalex.org/W7004813176","https://openalex.org/W4411946067","https://openalex.org/W2963769453"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"revisits":[2],"Heinrich":[3],"F.":[4],"von":[5],"Stackelberg\u2019s":[6],"original":[7],"description":[8],"of":[9,158],"leader\u2013follower":[10],"games":[11],"under":[12,97,154,171],"incomplete":[13],"information,":[14],"exploring":[15],"how":[16],"learning":[17,81,100,136],"dynamics":[18],"shape":[19],"strategic":[20,163],"interaction.":[21],"The":[22,42],"leader":[23,56],"iteratively":[24],"updates":[25],"its":[26,40,60],"conjecture":[27],"about":[28,175],"the":[29,55,99,110,135,140,145,149,156,161,176],"follower\u2019s":[30],"reaction":[31],"function":[32],"before":[33],"choosing":[34],"an":[35],"activity":[36,50,112],"level":[37],"that":[38,54],"maximizes":[39],"payoff.":[41],"follower,":[43],"in":[44,116],"turn,":[45],"responds":[46],"optimally":[47],"to":[48,58,104,138,166],"each":[49],"level,":[51],"revealing":[52],"information":[53,159],"uses":[57],"refine":[59],"conjecture.":[61],"Assuming":[62],"linear":[63],"conjectures,":[64],"a":[65,80,105,120,125],"smooth":[66],"updating":[67],"process":[68,101],"\u00e0":[69],"la":[70],"[Jean-Marie,":[71],"A.":[72],"and":[73,90,114,124,144,160,170],"Tidball,":[74],"M.":[75],"[2006]":[76],"Adapting":[77],"behaviors":[78],"through":[79],"process,":[82,150],"J.":[83],"Econ.":[84],"Behav.":[85],"Organ.":[86],"60,":[87],"399\u2013422,":[88],"doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2004.02.007],":[89],"quadratic":[91],"payoff":[92],"functions,":[93],"we":[94,151],"establish":[95],"conditions":[96,153],"which":[98,155,172],"converges":[102],"asymptotically":[103],"self-confirming":[106],"steady-state.":[107],"We":[108,132],"characterize":[109],"resulting":[111,162],"levels":[113],"payoffs":[115],"two":[117],"canonical":[118],"environments:":[119],"sequential":[121,126],"partnership":[122],"game":[123,128],"duopoly":[127],"with":[129],"quantity":[130],"competition.":[131],"then":[133],"compare":[134],"outcomes":[137],"both":[139],"(complete":[141],"information)":[142],"Stackelberg":[143],"cartel":[146],"solution.":[147],"In":[148],"find":[152],"lack":[157],"ambiguity":[164],"lead":[165],"higher":[167],"joint":[168],"payoffs,":[169],"usual":[173],"intuitions":[174],"first-mover":[177],"advantage":[178],"need":[179],"qualifications.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-03-31T00:00:00"}
