{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7142609641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.35234/fumbd.1837355","title":"Predicting Academic Performance Based on Optical Mark Recognition Patterns: A Comparative Study of Transfer Learning Models","display_name":"Predicting Academic Performance Based on Optical Mark Recognition Patterns: A Comparative Study of Transfer Learning Models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7142609641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.35234/fumbd.1837355"},"language":"tr","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.35234/fumbd.1837355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.35234/fumbd.1837355","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.35234/fumbd.1837355","pdf_url":"https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/5484526","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306510516","display_name":"F\u0131rat \u00dcniversitesi M\u00fchendislik Bilimleri Dergisi","issn_l":"1308-9072","issn":["1308-9072"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["tr-dizin"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"F\u0131rat \u00dcniversitesi M\u00fchendislik Bilimleri Dergisi","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/5484526","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119965928","display_name":"Cemal Y\u00fcksel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2722-5114","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2722-5114"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133171086","display_name":"Band\u0131rma Onyedi Eyl\u00fcl University","ror":"https://ror.org/02mtr7g38","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133171086"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cemal Y\u00fcksel","raw_affiliation_strings":["BANDIRMA ONYEDI EYLUL UNIVERSITY, OMER SEYFETTIN FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2722-5114","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BANDIRMA ONYEDI EYLUL UNIVERSITY, OMER SEYFETTIN FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133171086"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084967028","display_name":"Emrah Aydemir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8380-7891","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8380-7891"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103703290","display_name":"Sakarya University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ttnw109","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103703290"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emrah Aydemir","raw_affiliation_strings":["SAKARYA \u00dcN\u0130VERS\u0130TES\u0130"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8380-7891","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SAKARYA \u00dcN\u0130VERS\u0130TES\u0130","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103703290"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053091973","display_name":"Halil \u0130brahim Cebeci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5058-7741","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5058-7741"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103703290","display_name":"Sakarya University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ttnw109","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103703290"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Halil \u0130brahim Cebeci","raw_affiliation_strings":["SAKARYA \u00dcN\u0130VERS\u0130TES\u0130"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5058-7741","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SAKARYA \u00dcN\u0130VERS\u0130TES\u0130","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103703290"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5146656146","display_name":"S\u00fcleyman \u00c7elik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3255-1950","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3255-1950"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103703290","display_name":"Sakarya University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ttnw109","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103703290"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S\u00fcleyman \u00c7elik","raw_affiliation_strings":["SAKARYA \u00dcN\u0130VERS\u0130TES\u0130"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3255-1950","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SAKARYA \u00dcN\u0130VERS\u0130TES\u0130","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103703290"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.16297335,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"1","first_page":"395","last_page":"410"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12260","display_name":"Educational Technology and Pedagogy","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-mark-recognition","display_name":"optical mark recognition","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-performance-prediction","display_name":"student performance prediction","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficientnet-b0","display_name":"EfficientNetB0","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine-classification","display_name":"support vector machine classification","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paper-based-assessment","display_name":"paper-based assessment","score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/behavioral-traces","display_name":"behavioral traces","score":0.35199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-warning-systems","display_name":"early warning systems","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-risk-identification","display_name":"academic risk identification","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-analytics","display_name":"learning analytics","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-oriented-assessment","display_name":"process-oriented assessment","score":0.6740000247955322}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.6948999762535095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6444000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6301000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5702999830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.5546000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112313634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7886648","display_name":"Complement (music)","level":5,"score":0.5065000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.49050000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777648619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2845208","display_name":"Learning analytics","level":2,"score":0.4359000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.39989998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777938197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834022","display_name":"Transfer of training","level":2,"score":0.38769999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3612000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.34850001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982736386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Statistical learning","level":2,"score":0.32580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.32120001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3138999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29825287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427940","display_name":"Warning system","level":2,"score":0.26499998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79158427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485396","display_name":"Analytics","level":2,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.2547999918460846}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.35234/fumbd.1837355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.35234/fumbd.1837355","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.35234/fumbd.1837355","pdf_url":"https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/5484526","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306510516","display_name":"F\u0131rat \u00dcniversitesi M\u00fchendislik Bilimleri Dergisi","issn_l":"1308-9072","issn":["1308-9072"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["tr-dizin"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"F\u0131rat \u00dcniversitesi M\u00fchendislik Bilimleri Dergisi","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dergipark.org.tr:article/1837355","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/fumbd/article/1837355","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401840","display_name":"DergiPark (Istanbul University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67581229","host_organization_name":"Istanbul University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67581229"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"F\u0131rat \u00dcniversitesi M\u00fchendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, Vol. 38 No. 1","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openaccess.firat.edu.tr:11508/27755","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11508/27755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196733","display_name":"DSpace - FIRAT (F\u0131rat University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I143396566","host_organization_name":"F\u0131rat University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143396566"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.35234/fumbd.1837355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.35234/fumbd.1837355","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.35234/fumbd.1837355","pdf_url":"https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/5484526","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306510516","display_name":"F\u0131rat \u00dcniversitesi M\u00fchendislik Bilimleri Dergisi","issn_l":"1308-9072","issn":["1308-9072"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["tr-dizin"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"F\u0131rat \u00dcniversitesi M\u00fchendislik Bilimleri Dergisi","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8278999924659729,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7142609641.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7142609641.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1984861195","https://openalex.org/W1998469569","https://openalex.org/W2075080710","https://openalex.org/W2077708406","https://openalex.org/W2593711135","https://openalex.org/W2757065163","https://openalex.org/W2766720506","https://openalex.org/W2897341806","https://openalex.org/W2911423428","https://openalex.org/W2944162469","https://openalex.org/W2995210048","https://openalex.org/W3015507535","https://openalex.org/W3092274097","https://openalex.org/W3123339742","https://openalex.org/W3187045993","https://openalex.org/W3189913295","https://openalex.org/W3190381243","https://openalex.org/W3193605698","https://openalex.org/W4214852084","https://openalex.org/W4251963197","https://openalex.org/W4311264170","https://openalex.org/W4313549015","https://openalex.org/W4384068333","https://openalex.org/W4384664884","https://openalex.org/W4385820000","https://openalex.org/W4387896015","https://openalex.org/W4390639533","https://openalex.org/W4391320175","https://openalex.org/W4392193101","https://openalex.org/W4392380988","https://openalex.org/W4393620812","https://openalex.org/W4393856464","https://openalex.org/W4399298593","https://openalex.org/W4401465412","https://openalex.org/W4410464332"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7116959246","https://openalex.org/W4384068333","https://openalex.org/W4415912417","https://openalex.org/W3200901788","https://openalex.org/W3190381243","https://openalex.org/W4393856464","https://openalex.org/W2979714628","https://openalex.org/W4411352437","https://openalex.org/W4413344148","https://openalex.org/W4409097821"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Optical":[0,31],"forms,":[1],"which":[2,66],"are":[3],"widely":[4],"used":[5],"assessment":[6,198],"tools":[7],"in":[8,71],"education,":[9],"have":[10],"the":[11,27,104,110,144,208],"potential":[12,79],"to":[13,24,85,195],"reflect":[14,181],"students'":[15],"cognitive,":[16],"sensory,":[17],"and":[18,82,184,187,204,234],"behavioral":[19,178],"characteristics.":[20],"This":[21],"study":[22],"aims":[23],"go":[25],"beyond":[26],"traditional":[28],"use":[29],"of":[30,44,65,229],"Mark":[32],"Recognition":[33],"(OMR)":[34],"systems":[35],"by":[36,225],"examining":[37],"students\u2019":[38],"marking":[39,49],"behaviors":[40],"as":[41,173,177,215],"a":[42,190,193,196,201],"predictor":[43],"academic":[45,232],"achievement.":[46],"Using":[47],"2,100":[48],"images":[50],"collected":[51],"from":[52,103,192],"42":[53],"participants":[54],"(21":[55],"per":[56],"class),":[57],"we":[58],"evaluated":[59],"18":[60],"transfer":[61,158],"learning\u2013based":[62],"feature":[63,117],"extractors,":[64],"17":[67],"were":[68,90,107],"successfully":[69],"implemented,":[70],"combination":[72],"with":[73,96,120,127],"25":[74],"classification":[75],"algorithms.":[76],"To":[77],"eliminate":[78],"data":[80],"leakage":[81],"ensure":[83],"generalization":[84],"unseen":[86],"individuals,":[87],"all":[88,101],"experiments":[89],"conducted":[91],"using":[92],"10-fold":[93],"GroupKFold":[94],"cross-validation":[95],"subject-wise":[97],"splitting,":[98],"such":[99],"that":[100,164,180,219],"samples":[102],"same":[105,111],"participant":[106],"kept":[108],"within":[109],"fold.":[112],"The":[113],"best-performing":[114],"configuration,":[115],"EfficientNet-B0":[116],"representations":[118],"combined":[119],"Support":[121],"Vector":[122],"Classification,":[123],"achieved":[124],"88.90%":[125],"accuracy,":[126],"strong":[128],"threshold-independent":[129],"performance":[130,155],"(ROC-AUC":[131],"=":[132,135,139,148],"0.9268;":[133],"PR-AUC":[134],"0.8927;":[136],"Average":[137],"Precision":[138],"0.8934).":[140],"Statistical":[141],"validation":[142],"via":[143],"Friedman":[145],"test":[146],"(\u03c7\u00b2(16)":[147],"174.34,":[149],"p":[150],"<":[151],".001)":[152],"confirmed":[153],"significant":[154],"differences":[156],"across":[157],"learning":[159,202],"architectures.":[160],"These":[161],"findings":[162],"indicate":[163],"markings":[165],"on":[166],"optical":[167],"forms":[168],"should":[169],"not":[170],"be":[171],"treated":[172],"random":[174],"artifacts":[175],"but":[176],"traces":[179],"underlying":[182],"cognitive":[183],"affective":[185],"processes,":[186],"they":[188],"support":[189],"shift":[191],"results-oriented":[194],"process-oriented":[197],"paradigm.":[199],"From":[200],"analytics":[203],"educational":[205],"policy":[206],"perspective,":[207],"proposed":[209],"approach":[210],"positions":[211],"paper-based":[212],"OMR":[213],"sheets":[214],"low-cost":[216],"\u201cbehavior":[217],"sensors\u201d":[218],"can":[220],"complement":[221],"early":[222],"warning":[223],"mechanisms":[224],"enabling":[226],"earlier":[227],"identification":[228],"students":[230],"at":[231],"risk":[233],"facilitating":[235],"timely,":[236],"targeted":[237],"interventions.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2026-03-30T00:00:00"}
