{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140881908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17639/8530","title":"Implementing optimised HVAC setpoints via thermal adaptation behaviour recognition in residential buildings","display_name":"Implementing optimised HVAC setpoints via thermal adaptation behaviour recognition in residential buildings","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140881908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17639/8530"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.nottingham.ac.uk:123456789/51646","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.nottingham.ac.uk/handle/123456789/51646","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402014","display_name":"Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"ethesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://repository.nottingham.ac.uk/handle/123456789/51646","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130702967","display_name":"Wang Zhe","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhe, Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5130702967"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13263","display_name":"Building energy efficiency and sustainability","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residential-buildings","display_name":"residential buildings","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-comfort","display_name":"thermal comfort","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/building-energy-efficiency","display_name":"building energy efficiency","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lightweight-deep-learning-models","display_name":"lightweight deep learning","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-camera-video-analysis","display_name":"multi-camera video analysis","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raspberry-pi","display_name":"Raspberry Pi","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kth-dataset","display_name":"KTH dataset","score":0.5170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-zones","display_name":"climate zones","score":0.3330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption-simulation","display_name":"energy consumption simulation","score":0.3630000054836273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12302492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1752097","display_name":"Setpoint","level":2,"score":0.916100025177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133913538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q774514","display_name":"Thermal comfort","level":2,"score":0.8270999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122346748","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1798773","display_name":"HVAC","level":3,"score":0.6888999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.5577999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.5453000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4848000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.47690001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776409380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18205688","display_name":"Building energy simulation","level":4,"score":0.4742000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187819001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187665","display_name":"Thermostat","level":2,"score":0.4404999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4221999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200457457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q584049","display_name":"Ventilation (architecture)","level":2,"score":0.421099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4163999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.4115999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.41130000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982928256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865456","display_name":"Energy performance","level":3,"score":0.3991999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160331591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7075743","display_name":"Occupancy","level":2,"score":0.3621000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40221189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3064198","display_name":"Solar gain","level":3,"score":0.35749998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.3465000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.34220001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520301825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380170","display_name":"Energy conservation","level":2,"score":0.3246000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103742991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173725","display_name":"Air conditioning","level":2,"score":0.30820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.29899999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779438525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255048","display_name":"Demand response","level":3,"score":0.2955999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777087718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17155651","display_name":"Radiant cooling","level":2,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107861326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209233","display_name":"Thermal energy","level":2,"score":0.26440000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.2554999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.25429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128014804","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3150682","display_name":"Thermal mass","level":3,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.nottingham.ac.uk:123456789/51646","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.nottingham.ac.uk/handle/123456789/51646","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402014","display_name":"Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"ethesis"},{"id":"doi:10.17639/8530","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17639/8530","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17639/8530","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402483","display_name":"Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.nottingham.ac.uk:123456789/51646","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.nottingham.ac.uk/handle/123456789/51646","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402014","display_name":"Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"ethesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8787999749183655},{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.7919999957084656},{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5698999762535095}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8465175628662109}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,440],"easiest":[1],"way":[2],"to":[3,14,38,46,66,79,89,142,152,239,276,378,400,409,417],"improve":[4],"energy":[5,49,117,155,198,202,231],"efficiency":[6],"and":[7,24,43,51,83,97,111,138,157,182,191,273,279,321,336,414,427,455,473],"thermal":[8,32,53,73,128,158,481],"comfort":[9,54,76,159],"in":[10,55,179,213,223,230,243,436,471,491],"existing":[11,105],"buildings":[12,470],"is":[13,64],"adjust":[15,67],"setpoints.":[16,162],"However,":[17],"although":[18],"Chinese":[19,56],"standards":[20],"regulated":[21],"the":[22,87,154,287,297,342,363,381,392,401,404,464],"heating":[23],"cooling":[25],"setpoints,":[26,62],"they":[27],"lacked":[28],"consideration":[29],"for":[30,248,355,433,468,479,488],"occupants\u2019":[31],"comfort.":[33],"Therefore,":[34],"this":[35,122,461],"study":[36,123,148,462],"aimed":[37],"identify":[39],"optimal":[40,465],"heating,":[41],"cooling,":[42],"ventilation":[44],"setpoints":[45,178,467],"enhance":[47],"building":[48,438],"performance":[50,137],"indoor":[52],"residential":[57,469],"buildings.":[58,492],"After":[59],"obtaining":[60],"these":[61],"it":[63,344,486],"necessary":[65],"them":[68],"based":[69],"on":[70,197,296,310,341,362,403,412,420,445],"real-time":[71,81,136],"occupant":[72,127,480],"behaviour.":[74],"Traditional":[75],"surveys":[77],"fail":[78],"capture":[80],"insights,":[82],"conventional":[84],"sensors":[85],"lack":[86],"ability":[88],"record":[90],"detailed":[91],"occupancy":[92],"data":[93],"continuously.":[94],"Deep":[95],"learning":[96],"computer":[98],"vision":[99],"offer":[100],"promising":[101],"solutions,":[102],"yet":[103],"many":[104],"models":[106],"have":[107],"low":[108],"frame":[109,393],"rates":[110],"high":[112,387],"computational":[113,139],"demands,":[114],"potentially":[115],"negating":[116],"savings.":[118],"To":[119],"address":[120],"this,":[121],"developed":[124],"a":[125,210,227,253,260,311,366,386,396,475],"novel":[126],"adaptation":[129,482],"behaviour":[130,251,483],"recognition":[131],"model":[132,292,422,441],"that":[133,176],"balances":[134],"accuracy,":[135],"resource":[140],"usage":[141,156,203],"enable":[143],"effective":[144],"operation":[145,454],"indoors.":[146],"This":[147],"used":[149],"Design":[150],"Builder":[151],"simulate":[153],"with":[160,194,209,226,348,372],"different":[161],"Typical":[163],"cities":[164],"representing":[165],"China\u2019s":[166],"climate":[167],"zones":[168],"were":[169],"selected":[170,463],"via":[171],"machine":[172],"learning.":[173],"Results":[174],"indicated":[175],"adjusting":[177],"Harbin,":[180],"Beijing,":[181],"Shanghai":[183],"could":[184,204,218],"increase":[185,222],"comfortable":[186,214,224],"days":[187,225],"by":[188,207],"43.95%,":[189],"54.23%,":[190],"23.36%":[192],"respectively,":[193],"minimal":[195],"impact":[196],"usage.":[199],"In":[200],"Guangzhou,":[201],"be":[205],"reduced":[206],"7.56%":[208],"5.91%":[211],"decrease":[212],"days,":[215],"while":[216],"Kunming":[217],"see":[219],"an":[220,373,446],"11.11%":[221],"5.92%":[228],"rise":[229],"consumption.":[232],"Additionally,":[233],"proposed":[234,288],"setpoint":[235],"combinations":[236],"demonstrated":[237],"resilience":[238],"future":[240],"weather":[241],"conditions":[242],"most":[244],"typical":[245],"cities,":[246],"except":[247],"Guangzhou.":[249],"For":[250],"recognition,":[252,484],"multi-camera":[254],"Raspberry":[255],"Pi":[256],"3B+":[257],"system":[258],"captured":[259],"custom":[261,364],"dataset":[262],"of":[263,389],"400":[264],"videos":[265],"from":[266,407,415],"four":[267],"angles,":[268],"covering":[269],"dressing,":[270],"undressing,":[271],"sitting,":[272],"standing.":[274],"Compared":[275],"SlowFast":[277],"(SF)":[278],"Spatial":[280],"Temporal":[281],"Graph":[282],"Convolutional":[283],"Networks":[284],"(ST-":[285],"GCN),":[286],"lightweight":[289],"skeletal":[290],"temporal":[291],"achieved":[293,345],"0.975":[294],"accuracy":[295,388],"Kungliga":[298],"Tekniska":[299],"H\u00f6gskolan":[300],"(KTH)":[301],"dataset,":[302,365],"running":[303],"at":[304],"31.38":[305,408],"frames":[306],"per":[307],"second":[308],"(FPS)":[309],"Graphics":[312],"Processing":[313,333],"Unit":[314,334],"(GPU)\u2014over":[315],"three":[316],"times":[317,325],"faster":[318,326],"than":[319,323,327],"ST-GCN":[320],"more":[322],"twelve":[324],"SF\u2014while":[328],"using":[329],"only":[330],"13.71%":[331],"Central":[332],"(CPU)":[335],"33.05%":[337],"GPU.":[338],"When":[339,360],"run":[340],"CPU,":[343],"25.3":[346,416],"FPS":[347,411,419],"56.10%":[349],"CPU":[350,426],"usage,":[351,429],"proving":[352],"its":[353,431],"practicality":[354],"platforms":[356],"without":[357],"GPU":[358,413,428],"support.":[359],"evaluated":[361],"double":[367],"Long":[368],"Short-Term":[369],"Memory":[370],"(LSTM)":[371],"attention":[374],"mechanism":[375],"was":[376,442],"introduced":[377],"better":[379],"handle":[380],"increased":[382],"action":[383],"complexity,":[384],"preserving":[385],"0.963.":[390],"Although":[391],"rate":[394],"experienced":[395],"slight":[397],"reduction":[398],"compared":[399],"results":[402],"KTH":[405],"dataset\u2014dropping":[406],"30.95":[410],"18.98":[418],"CPU\u2014the":[421],"beneficially":[423],"exhibited":[424],"lower":[425],"highlighting":[430],"potential":[432],"energy-efficient":[434],"deployment":[435],"smart":[437],"applications.":[439],"further":[443],"deployed":[444],"NVIDIA":[447],"Jetson":[448],"Orin":[449],"Nano,":[450],"enabling":[451],"stable":[452],"long-term":[453],"supporting":[456],"simultaneous":[457],"multi-person":[458],"recognition.":[459],"Overall,":[460],"HVAC":[466],"China":[472],"presents":[474],"practical,":[476],"AI-driven":[477],"solution":[478],"making":[485],"well-suited":[487],"energy-saving":[489],"applications":[490]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-03T13:16:28.481748","created_date":"2026-03-27T00:00:00"}