{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140318862","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.25.11.0738","title":"SARS-CoV-2 infections among animals in US zoological institutions resulted primarily from human-to-animal transmission without evidence of sustained evolution in animals (2020\u20132023)","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 infections among animals in US zoological institutions resulted primarily from human-to-animal transmission without evidence of sustained evolution in animals (2020\u20132023)","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140318862","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.25.11.0738","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41880766"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2460/javma.25.11.0738","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.25.11.0738","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.25.11.0738","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S161638509","display_name":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","issn_l":"0003-1488","issn":["0003-1488","1943-569X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4322545313","host_organization_name":"American Veterinary Medical Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322545313"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Veterinary Medical Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070553037","display_name":"Dominic J. Cristiano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4999-657X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4999-657X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289490764","display_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/042twtr12","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I1299022934"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121439","display_name":"National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/02ggwpx62","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I4210109567","https://openalex.org/I4210121439"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dominic J. Cristiano","raw_affiliation_strings":["One Health Office, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4999-657X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"One Health Office, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I4210121439"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023884219","display_name":"Kate E. Varela","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3885-4496","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3885-4496"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289490764","display_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/042twtr12","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I1299022934"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121439","display_name":"National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/02ggwpx62","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I4210109567","https://openalex.org/I4210121439"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kate E. Varela","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Outbreak Response and Prevention Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Outbreak Response and Prevention Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I4210121439"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017727601","display_name":"C. J. B. Anderson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9591-2285","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9591-2285"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405272231","display_name":"Georgia Aquarium","ror":"https://ror.org/03t3epa56","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405272231"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chelsea E. Anderson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Aquarium, Atlanta, GA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9591-2285","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Aquarium, Atlanta, GA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405272231"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112416216","display_name":"Lara Croft","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799889659","display_name":"Denver Zoo","ror":"https://ror.org/02cxp1807","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799889659"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lara Croft","raw_affiliation_strings":["Denver Zoo, Denver, CO"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Denver Zoo, Denver, CO","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799889659"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071466192","display_name":"Erika Crook","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erika Crook","raw_affiliation_strings":["Utah\u2019s Hogle Zoo, Salt Lake City, UT"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Utah\u2019s Hogle Zoo, Salt Lake City, UT","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130624943","display_name":"Chris Hanley","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129839","display_name":"Saint Louis Zoo","ror":"https://ror.org/03g0fjg84","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210129839"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chris Hanley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Saint Louis Zoo, Saint Louis, MO"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Saint Louis Zoo, Saint Louis, MO","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086630453","display_name":"Randall E. Junge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9989-4053","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9989-4053"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799756090","display_name":"Columbus Zoo and Aquarium","ror":"https://ror.org/00b1y8922","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799756090"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Randall Junge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbus Zoo and Aquarium, Powell, OH"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbus Zoo and Aquarium, Powell, OH","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799756090"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130610205","display_name":"Domini Montgomery","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129839","display_name":"Saint Louis Zoo","ror":"https://ror.org/03g0fjg84","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210129839"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Domini Montgomery","raw_affiliation_strings":["Saint Louis Zoo, Saint Louis, MO"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Saint Louis Zoo, Saint Louis, MO","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088393021","display_name":"Kristi Newland","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kristi Newland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lee Richardson Zoo, Garden City, KS"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lee Richardson Zoo, Garden City, KS","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082728717","display_name":"Sam Rivera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0479-2933","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0479-2933"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099289","display_name":"Zoo Atlanta","ror":"https://ror.org/010heyq73","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099289"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sam Rivera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zoo Atlanta, Atlanta, GA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zoo Atlanta, Atlanta, GA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099289"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010548333","display_name":"Justin F. Rosenberg","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800318756","display_name":"Art Institute of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/02eh2pe44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799969541","https://openalex.org/I2800318756"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802017048","display_name":"Philadelphia Zoo","ror":"https://ror.org/020bck234","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802017048"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099289","display_name":"Zoo Atlanta","ror":"https://ror.org/010heyq73","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099289"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Justin F. Rosenberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pittsburgh Zoo and Aquarium, Pittsburgh, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pittsburgh Zoo and Aquarium, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800318756","https://openalex.org/I2802017048","https://openalex.org/I4210099289"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130560503","display_name":"Diana Worden","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diana Worden","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dallas Zoo, Dallas, TX"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dallas Zoo, Dallas, TX","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093882407","display_name":"Jill Yoshicedo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jill Yoshicedo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Honolulu Zoo, Honolulu, HI"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Honolulu Zoo, Honolulu, HI","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008896594","display_name":"Samuel A. Young","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127832","display_name":"Greensboro Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/034k9nh67","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127832"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sam Young","raw_affiliation_strings":["Greensboro Science Center, Greensboro, NC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Greensboro Science Center, Greensboro, NC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127832"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082122612","display_name":"Molly Baker","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144731","display_name":"Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services","ror":"https://ror.org/041qkag73","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144731"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Molly Baker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, MO"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, MO","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144731"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016733825","display_name":"Monica Beddo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144731","display_name":"Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services","ror":"https://ror.org/041qkag73","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144731"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Monica Beddo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, MO"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, MO","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144731"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090978449","display_name":"Michelle Carruthers","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799591230","display_name":"Dallas County","ror":"https://ror.org/03n0d3a30","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799591230"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michelle Carruthers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dallas County Health and Human Services, Dallas, TX"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dallas County Health and Human Services, Dallas, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799591230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048391762","display_name":"Amanda Feldpausch","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140731","display_name":"Georgia Department of Public Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04wcf8366","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140731"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amanda Feldpausch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Department of Public Health, Atlanta, GA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Department of Public Health, Atlanta, GA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140731"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098999520","display_name":"Heather Oltjen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6684-2648","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6684-2648"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405272622","display_name":"Utah Department of Health and Human Services","ror":"https://ror.org/04f3anj10","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405272622"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heather Oltjen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Utah Department of Health and Human Services, Salt Lake City, UT"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Utah Department of Health and Human Services, Salt Lake City, UT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405272622"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070633449","display_name":"Deepanker Tewari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7780-3026","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7780-3026"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deepanker Tewari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Harrisburg, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Harrisburg, PA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004641900","display_name":"Steven I. Rekant","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7358-1091","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7358-1091"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288380561","display_name":"Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service","ror":"https://ror.org/0599wfz09","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288380561","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven I. Rekant","raw_affiliation_strings":["Veterinary Services, APHIS, USDA, Beltsville, MD"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Veterinary Services, APHIS, USDA, Beltsville, MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288380561"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111358193","display_name":"Seana Cleary","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8507-7607","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8507-7607"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289490764","display_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/042twtr12","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I1299022934"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121439","display_name":"National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/02ggwpx62","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I4210109567","https://openalex.org/I4210121439"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seana Cleary","raw_affiliation_strings":["One Health Office, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"One Health Office, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I4210121439"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018621961","display_name":"Chaney C. Kalinich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9675-0065","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9675-0065"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289490764","display_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/042twtr12","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I1299022934"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121439","display_name":"National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/02ggwpx62","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I4210109567","https://openalex.org/I4210121439"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaney C. Kalinich","raw_affiliation_strings":["One Health Office, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"One Health Office, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I4210121439"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027408164","display_name":"Amanda Y. Liew","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6984-1797","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6984-1797"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289490764","display_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/042twtr12","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I1299022934"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121439","display_name":"National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/02ggwpx62","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I4210109567","https://openalex.org/I4210121439"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amanda Liew","raw_affiliation_strings":["One Health Office, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"One Health Office, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I4210121439"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010230180","display_name":"Casey Barton Behravesh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2270-5573","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2270-5573"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289490764","display_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/042twtr12","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I1299022934"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121439","display_name":"National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/02ggwpx62","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I4210109567","https://openalex.org/I4210121439"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Casey Barton Behravesh","raw_affiliation_strings":["One Health Office, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"One Health Office, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I4210121439"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052247907","display_name":"Ria R. Ghai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9775-4826","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9775-4826"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289490764","display_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/042twtr12","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I1299022934"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121439","display_name":"National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/02ggwpx62","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I4210109567","https://openalex.org/I4210121439"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ria R. Ghai","raw_affiliation_strings":["One Health Office, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"One Health Office, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I4210121439"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"_ _","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"_ _","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":15,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"264","issue":"8","first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12492","display_name":"Zoonotic diseases and public health","score":0.5019999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12492","display_name":"Zoonotic diseases and public health","score":0.5019999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10118","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research","score":0.4724000096321106,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11495","display_name":"Animal Virus Infections Studies","score":0.003700000001117587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sars-cov-2","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zoo-animals","display_name":"zoo animals","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zoological-institutions","display_name":"zoological institutions","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-to-animal-transmission","display_name":"human-to-animal transmission","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animal-to-human-transmission","display_name":"animal-to-human transmission","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biosecurity","display_name":"biosecurity","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sars-cov-2-variants","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 variants","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emerging-infectious-diseases","display_name":"emerging infectious diseases","score":0.5419999957084656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781368420","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q803874","display_name":"Biosecurity","level":2,"score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.6193000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.4230000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42972112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170201","display_name":"Veterinary medicine","level":1,"score":0.4180000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.4007999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993056352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7432","display_name":"Animal species","level":2,"score":0.3817000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.3783000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23131810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574","display_name":"Observational study","level":2,"score":0.3598000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.35589998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.35040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.33899998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910871061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6467270","display_name":"Animals laboratory","level":4,"score":0.3021000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018803906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301561","display_name":"Domestic animal","level":2,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019819676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43987","display_name":"Highly pathogenic","level":4,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992243407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q525512","display_name":"Disease transmission","level":2,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779973787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q609748","display_name":"Emerging infectious disease","level":3,"score":0.25699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523966790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q459426","display_name":"Animal welfare","level":2,"score":0.25440001487731934}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000635","qualifier_name":"transmission","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000662","qualifier_name":"veterinary","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000821","qualifier_name":"virology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086402","descriptor_name":"SARS-CoV-2","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086402","descriptor_name":"SARS-CoV-2","qualifier_ui":"Q000302","qualifier_name":"isolation & purification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000836","descriptor_name":"Animals, Zoo","qualifier_ui":"Q000821","qualifier_name":"virology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004196","descriptor_name":"Disease Outbreaks","qualifier_ui":"Q000662","qualifier_name":"veterinary","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015047","descriptor_name":"Zoonoses","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015047","descriptor_name":"Zoonoses","qualifier_ui":"Q000635","qualifier_name":"transmission","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2460/javma.25.11.0738","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.25.11.0738","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.25.11.0738","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S161638509","display_name":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","issn_l":"0003-1488","issn":["0003-1488","1943-569X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4322545313","host_organization_name":"American Veterinary Medical Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322545313"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Veterinary Medical Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41880766","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41880766","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9391000270843506,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968040938","https://openalex.org/W1991530690","https://openalex.org/W2053700078","https://openalex.org/W2111647009","https://openalex.org/W2140541761","https://openalex.org/W2150593711","https://openalex.org/W2154499743","https://openalex.org/W2497293273","https://openalex.org/W2809421327","https://openalex.org/W2952045272","https://openalex.org/W2957392190","https://openalex.org/W3045183850","https://openalex.org/W3085083049","https://openalex.org/W3093141020","https://openalex.org/W3111452149","https://openalex.org/W3119002855","https://openalex.org/W4220684769","https://openalex.org/W4223552703","https://openalex.org/W4283332605","https://openalex.org/W4285594048","https://openalex.org/W4366234895","https://openalex.org/W4385746815","https://openalex.org/W4387342613","https://openalex.org/W4389486552","https://openalex.org/W4391613374","https://openalex.org/W4399297614"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391599489","https://openalex.org/W4285594048","https://openalex.org/W4407223991","https://openalex.org/W4366234895","https://openalex.org/W3093141020","https://openalex.org/W4384277190","https://openalex.org/W4318624640","https://openalex.org/W3087124971","https://openalex.org/W4389055379","https://openalex.org/W3210396016"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Objective:":[0],"We":[1,26],"conducted":[2],"a":[3,41,71,80,129,177],"retrospective":[4],"observational":[5],"study":[6],"to":[7,38,87,187],"investigate":[8],"exposure":[9],"history,":[10],"clinical":[11,115],"signs,":[12,116],"and":[13,57,62,154,165,233],"onward":[14],"transmission":[15,182],"of":[16,45,51,64,73,102,124,135,145,152,156,209],"animals":[17,56,90,100,127,194],"infected":[18,131,196],"with":[19,79,114,197,206],"SARS-CoV-2":[20,52,81,125,181,198],"in":[21,91,105,126,133,141,161,170,201,213,223],"US":[22,59,107],"zoological":[23,74,92,138],"institutions.":[24],"Methods:":[25],"analyzed":[27],"animal":[28,82,231],"surveillance":[29,35,46],"data":[30],"collected":[31],"through":[32],"voluntary":[33],"national":[34],"during":[36],"2020":[37,86],"2023,":[39,88],"including":[40],"descriptive":[42],"epidemiologic":[43],"analysis":[44,50,144,190],"data,":[47],"comparative":[48],"genomic":[49],"sequences":[53],"from":[54,185],"zoo":[55,193,214],"the":[58,67,162,204],"human":[60],"population,":[61],"comparison":[63],"impacts":[65],"at":[66,203],"human-animal":[68],"interface":[69],"for":[70,97,180,228],"subset":[72],"institutions":[75,93,139,148,175],"(n":[76],"=":[77],"12)":[78],"outbreak.":[83],"Results:":[84],"During":[85],"170":[89],"were":[94,176],"confirmed":[95],"positive":[96],"SARS-CoV-2.":[98],"These":[99],"consisted":[101],"13":[103],"species":[104],"28":[106],"jurisdictions.":[108],"Of":[109],"affected":[110],"animals,":[111],"72.4%":[112],"presented":[113],"most":[117],"commonly":[118],"cough":[119],"(60.0%).":[120],"The":[121],"likely":[122],"source":[123],"was":[128],"known":[130],"caretaker":[132],"44.7%":[134],"cases.":[136],"Some":[137],"participated":[140],"an":[142,150,167],"in-depth":[143],"outbreaks;":[146],"these":[147,224],"implemented":[149],"average":[151],"48.7":[153],"52.9":[155],"88":[157],"recommended":[158],"biosecurity":[159],"practices":[160],"month":[163],"before":[164],"after":[166],"outbreak,":[168],"respectively,":[169],"their":[171],"facility.":[172],"Conclusions:":[173],"Zoological":[174],"high-risk":[178],"setting":[179],"via":[183],"spill-back":[184],"people":[186],"animals.":[188],"Genomic":[189],"supported":[191],"that":[192],"became":[195],"variants":[199],"circulating":[200],"humans":[202],"time,":[205],"no":[207],"evidence":[208],"significant":[210],"viral":[211],"evolution":[212],"populations.":[215],"Clinical":[216],"Relevance:":[217],"Mitigating":[218],"emerging":[219],"infectious":[220],"disease":[221],"threats":[222],"facilities":[225],"is":[226],"critical":[227],"protecting":[229],"vulnerable":[230],"populations":[232],"public":[234],"health.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-03-26T00:00:00"}
