{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140148729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105131","title":"Migration diversity and economic complexity in developing countries: Direct and indirect effects through growth, innovation, and human capital","display_name":"Migration diversity and economic complexity in developing countries: Direct and indirect effects through growth, innovation, and human capital","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140148729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105131"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.iref.2026.105131","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105131","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105131","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168273071","display_name":"International Review of Economics & Finance","issn_l":"1059-0560","issn":["1059-0560","1873-8036"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","fnege-3","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Review of Economics & Finance","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105131","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077097326","display_name":"Ayang Eric","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1912-601X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1912-601X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260552","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Garoua","ror":"https://ror.org/03ybxbt61","country_code":"CM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405260552"]}],"countries":["CM"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eric Ayang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Quantitative Methods, Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Garoua, PO Box 346 Garoua, Cameroon"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1912-601X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Quantitative Methods, Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Garoua, PO Box 346 Garoua, Cameroon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405260552"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130374730","display_name":"Mohamadou Sani","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260552","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Garoua","ror":"https://ror.org/03ybxbt61","country_code":"CM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405260552"]}],"countries":["CM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamadou Sani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Public Economics, Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Garoua, PO Box 346 Garoua, Cameroon"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Economics, Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Garoua, PO Box 346 Garoua, Cameroon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405260552"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134872214","display_name":"Ndouyang Balguessam Bruno","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59196294","display_name":"University of Ngaound\u00e9r\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/03gq1d339","country_code":"CM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59196294"]}],"countries":["CM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bruno Ndouyang Balguessam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microeconomics of Development Laboratory, Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Ngaound\u00e9r\u00e9, Laboratary of Economics Applied, Cameroon"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microeconomics of Development Laboratory, Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Ngaound\u00e9r\u00e9, Laboratary of Economics Applied, Cameroon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59196294"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077097326"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405260552"],"apc_list":{"value":1930,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1930},"apc_paid":{"value":1930,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1930},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"107","issue":null,"first_page":"105131","last_page":"105131"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14143","display_name":"Economic and Technological Innovation","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14143","display_name":"Economic and Technological Innovation","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10349","display_name":"Migration and Labor Dynamics","score":0.003100000089034438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-complexity","display_name":"economic complexity","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developing-countries","display_name":"developing countries","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"economic growth","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/innovation","display_name":"innovation","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-capital","display_name":"human capital","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-change","display_name":"structural change","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-recombination","display_name":"knowledge recombination","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skill-matching","display_name":"skill matching","score":0.6460000276565552}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.8210999965667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776943663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165687","display_name":"Human capital","level":2,"score":0.713100016117096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179420905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223871","display_name":"Mediation","level":2,"score":0.6312000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.582099974155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5342000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4999000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74363100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273005","display_name":"Economic system","level":1,"score":0.42899999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125209646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338878","display_name":"Cultural diversity","level":2,"score":0.42480000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.4072999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.36149999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170595211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177626","display_name":"Human migration","level":3,"score":0.3285999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83646750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193893","display_name":"Capital (architecture)","level":2,"score":0.28769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81751973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420062","display_name":"Capital accumulation","level":3,"score":0.2831000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780690664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19602103","display_name":"Economic transformation","level":2,"score":0.2718000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.26489999890327454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.iref.2026.105131","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105131","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105131","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168273071","display_name":"International Review of Economics & Finance","issn_l":"1059-0560","issn":["1059-0560","1873-8036"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","fnege-3","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Review of Economics & Finance","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1bcb42ff31ec47ada82978d011984126","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1bcb42ff31ec47ada82978d011984126","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Review of Economics & Finance, Vol 107, Iss , Pp 105131- (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.iref.2026.105131","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105131","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105131","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168273071","display_name":"International Review of Economics & Finance","issn_l":"1059-0560","issn":["1059-0560","1873-8036"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","fnege-3","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Review of Economics & Finance","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.9211000204086304,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5378999710083008,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.4074000120162964,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1480274481","https://openalex.org/W1496668565","https://openalex.org/W1543166152","https://openalex.org/W1966402429","https://openalex.org/W1967203424","https://openalex.org/W2006378613","https://openalex.org/W2034301206","https://openalex.org/W2041692102","https://openalex.org/W2050805565","https://openalex.org/W2072831046","https://openalex.org/W2090438200","https://openalex.org/W2093852526","https://openalex.org/W2099268311","https://openalex.org/W2108795964","https://openalex.org/W2127567347","https://openalex.org/W2129385606","https://openalex.org/W2133784261","https://openalex.org/W2135572873","https://openalex.org/W2136072582","https://openalex.org/W2147179807","https://openalex.org/W2162484441","https://openalex.org/W2520870929","https://openalex.org/W2567675857","https://openalex.org/W2610886376","https://openalex.org/W2762079936","https://openalex.org/W2772436042","https://openalex.org/W2907141811","https://openalex.org/W2955864217","https://openalex.org/W2997402048","https://openalex.org/W2997935472","https://openalex.org/W3007555114","https://openalex.org/W3022909850","https://openalex.org/W3028288280","https://openalex.org/W3089085995","https://openalex.org/W3094624758","https://openalex.org/W3102639835","https://openalex.org/W3121517516","https://openalex.org/W3122681988","https://openalex.org/W3122866581","https://openalex.org/W3124259699","https://openalex.org/W3124744803","https://openalex.org/W3193698603","https://openalex.org/W4232508652","https://openalex.org/W4234441199","https://openalex.org/W4296901122","https://openalex.org/W4309308058","https://openalex.org/W4383226802","https://openalex.org/W4390984100","https://openalex.org/W4392912134","https://openalex.org/W4408586012","https://openalex.org/W4409379740","https://openalex.org/W4410540197","https://openalex.org/W4410882125"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3028288280","https://openalex.org/W4287861985","https://openalex.org/W2520870929","https://openalex.org/W3149505109","https://openalex.org/W653123064","https://openalex.org/W4393512227","https://openalex.org/W1901423612","https://openalex.org/W4309990824","https://openalex.org/W4407765864","https://openalex.org/W3021866256"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Economic":[0],"complexity":[1,71,117],"reflects":[2],"a":[3,57,127,146],"country's":[4],"ability":[5],"to":[6,12,92,176,190,214,228,237],"combine":[7],"different":[8],"types":[9],"of":[10,30,47,69,79,112,195,223],"knowledge":[11,196],"create":[13],"more":[14],"sophisticated":[15],"goods.":[16],"At":[17],"the":[18,44,67,77,93,97,123,192],"same":[19],"time,":[20],"developing":[21,87,120],"countries":[22,121],"are":[23,212,235],"experiencing":[24],"an":[25],"increase":[26],"in":[27,72,118],"migration":[28,80,101,113,143,174],"flows":[29],"increasingly":[31],"diverse":[32],"origin.":[33],"However,":[34],"it":[35],"remains":[36],"unclear":[37],"whether":[38,53],"this":[39,83,89],"growing":[40],"diversity":[41,55,81,102,114,144,206,239],"is":[42,56],"strengthening":[43],"productive":[45,58,198,209,241],"capacities":[46],"these":[48],"countries.":[49],"This":[50,218],"study":[51,90],"analyses":[52],"migratory":[54],"factor":[59],"that":[60,142,173,204],"stimulates":[61],"development.":[62],"Although":[63],"numerous":[64],"studies":[65],"emphasise":[66],"role":[68],"economic":[70,104,116,154,164],"development,":[73],"few":[74],"have":[75],"examined":[76],"effect":[78,152],"on":[82,86,115,153],"dimension.":[84],"Focusing":[85],"countries,":[88],"contributes":[91,175],"literature":[94],"by":[95],"identifying":[96],"mechanisms":[98],"through":[99,163],"which":[100,184,191],"influences":[103],"complexity.":[105,155],"We":[106],"analyse":[107],"direct":[108,151],"and":[109,134,148,167,231],"indirect":[110,160],"effects":[111,161],"74":[119],"over":[122],"period":[124],"1995-2023,":[125],"combining":[126],"Structural":[128],"Equation":[129],"Model":[130],"(SEM)":[131],"with":[132],"FGLS":[133],"IV-2SLS":[135],"estimates":[136],"for":[137],"robustness.":[138],"The":[139,200],"results":[140,171,201],"indicate":[141],"has":[145,219],"positive":[147],"statistically":[149],"significant":[150],"Furthermore,":[156],"mediation":[157],"analysis":[158],"indicates":[159],"operating":[162],"growth,":[165],"innovation,":[166],"human":[168],"capital.":[169],"These":[170],"suggest":[172],"structural":[177],"transformation":[178],"rather":[179],"than":[180],"simply":[181],"increasing":[182],"production,":[183],"corroborates":[185],"capability-based":[186],"development":[187],"theories,":[188],"according":[189],"heterogeneous":[193],"recombination":[194],"promotes":[197],"diversification.":[199],"also":[202],"show":[203],"migrant":[205],"only":[207],"becomes":[208],"when":[210],"economies":[211],"able":[213],"absorb":[215],"their":[216],"skills.":[217],"policy":[220],"implications:":[221],"recognition":[222],"foreign":[224],"qualifications,":[225],"matching":[226],"skills":[227],"specific":[229],"sectors,":[230],"complementary":[232],"training":[233],"programs":[234],"necessary":[236],"convert":[238],"into":[240],"capacity.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2026-03-24T00:00:00"}