{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140147505","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/95709","title":"Effectiveness of Generative AI\u2013Enabled Teaching for Clinical Reasoning in Health Care Education: Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","display_name":"Effectiveness of Generative AI\u2013Enabled Teaching for Clinical Reasoning in Health Care Education: Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140147505","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/95709","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42879769","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13720408"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2196/95709","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/95709","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/95709","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2739058702","display_name":"JMIR Research Protocols","issn_l":"1929-0748","issn":["1929-0748"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320608","host_organization_name":"JMIR Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320608"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["JMIR Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JMIR Research Protocols","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/95709","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130392780","display_name":"Suzanne Jane Johnston","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2579-981X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2579-981X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Suzanne Johnston","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Life and Health Science, School of Health Science, Ulster University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2579-981X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Life and Health Science, School of Health Science, Ulster University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039364893","display_name":"Sonyia L. McFadden","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4001-7769","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4001-7769"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sonyia McFadden","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Life and Health Science, School of Health Science, Ulster University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4001-7769","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Life and Health Science, School of Health Science, Ulster University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049575496","display_name":"David H. Glass","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-696X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-696X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David H Glass","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Ulster University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-696X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Ulster University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017419573","display_name":"Claire McFeeters","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6153-8718","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6153-8718"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claire McFeeters","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Life and Health Science, School of Health Science, Ulster University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6153-8718","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Life and Health Science, School of Health Science, Ulster University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109590474","display_name":"Joanne Marley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3556-3378","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3556-3378"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joanne Marley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Life and Health Science, School of Health Science, Ulster University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3556-3378","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Life and Health Science, School of Health Science, Ulster University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5130392780"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"],"apc_list":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"apc_paid":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.03619303,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":null,"first_page":"e95709","last_page":"e95709"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.6089000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.6089000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12574","display_name":"Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills","score":0.38769999146461487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2714","display_name":"Family Practice"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10254","display_name":"Innovations in Medical Education","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-ai","display_name":"generative AI","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-reasoning","display_name":"clinical reasoning","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/healthcare-education","display_name":"healthcare education","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traditional-teaching-methods","display_name":"traditional teaching methods","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personalized-learning","display_name":"personalized learning","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/healthcare-workers","display_name":"healthcare workers","score":0.5899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-education","display_name":"medical education","score":0.5329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nursing-education","display_name":"nursing education","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teaching-effectiveness","display_name":"teaching effectiveness","score":0.33799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-of-bias","display_name":"risk of bias","score":0.531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prediction-intervals","display_name":"prediction intervals","score":0.5299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-of-bias-in-non-randomized-studies","display_name":"risk of bias in non-randomized studies","score":0.7129999995231628}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.6043999791145325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777466982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227287","display_name":"Data extraction","level":3,"score":0.507099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.4864000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83867959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371467","display_name":"Scopus","level":3,"score":0.4772000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4374000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.41040000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.40700000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3935999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778805511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1713","display_name":"Citation","level":2,"score":0.3749000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.3544999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.3467000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.34119999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19648533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691640","display_name":"Evidence-based medicine","level":3,"score":0.33000001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.3086000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.2957000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.2824000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88610354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1813494","display_name":"Teaching method","level":2,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2662999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61904560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148359","display_name":"Grey literature","level":3,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141330323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2354820","display_name":"Evidence-based practice","level":3,"score":0.2581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2556000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000078202","descriptor_name":"Systematic Reviews as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086723","descriptor_name":"Clinical Reasoning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098842","descriptor_name":"Generative Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004517","descriptor_name":"Education, Professional","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006282","descriptor_name":"Health Personnel","qualifier_ui":"Q000193","qualifier_name":"education","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012107","descriptor_name":"Research Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013663","descriptor_name":"Teaching","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015201","descriptor_name":"Meta-Analysis as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2196/95709","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/95709","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/95709","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2739058702","display_name":"JMIR Research Protocols","issn_l":"1929-0748","issn":["1929-0748"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320608","host_organization_name":"JMIR Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320608"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["JMIR Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JMIR Research Protocols","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2196/preprints.95709","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/preprints.95709","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/preprints.95709","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13720408","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13720408/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13720408/pdf/resprot_v15i1e95709.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JMIR Res Protoc","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42879769","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42879769","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JMIR research protocols","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/e5c68f4c-0158-43ea-a131-72de5ca4abdb","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/en/publications/e5c68f4c-0158-43ea-a131-72de5ca4abdb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402454","display_name":"Ulster University Research Portal (Ulster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","host_organization_name":"University of Ulster","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Johnston, S J, McFadden, S, Glass, D H, McFeeters, C & Marley, J 2026, 'Effectiveness of Generative AI\u2013Enabled Teaching for Clinical Reasoning in Health Care Education: Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis', JMIR Research Protocols, vol. 15, e95709, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.2196/95709","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2196/95709","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/95709","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/95709","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2739058702","display_name":"JMIR Research Protocols","issn_l":"1929-0748","issn":["1929-0748"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320608","host_organization_name":"JMIR Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320608"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["JMIR Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JMIR Research Protocols","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9537000060081482,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"score":0.9235000014305115,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Study Protocol","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/study-protocol"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316531","display_name":"Department for the Economy","ror":"https://ror.org/0161w0r98"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320859","display_name":"Ulster University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7140147505.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7140147505.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2110448405","https://openalex.org/W2579985297","https://openalex.org/W2791886998","https://openalex.org/W2895543043","https://openalex.org/W2902209517","https://openalex.org/W2905464530","https://openalex.org/W2911290735","https://openalex.org/W2978795816","https://openalex.org/W2987200184","https://openalex.org/W3014969104","https://openalex.org/W3019350884","https://openalex.org/W3031602500","https://openalex.org/W3048020727","https://openalex.org/W4221075296","https://openalex.org/W4242736020","https://openalex.org/W4319662928","https://openalex.org/W4388033747","https://openalex.org/W4392769984","https://openalex.org/W4394677717","https://openalex.org/W4396708987","https://openalex.org/W4401246798","https://openalex.org/W4402468044","https://openalex.org/W4403561329","https://openalex.org/W4404756518","https://openalex.org/W4404795474","https://openalex.org/W4405228616","https://openalex.org/W4406274252","https://openalex.org/W4406871476","https://openalex.org/W4407767281","https://openalex.org/W4408098677","https://openalex.org/W4409390925","https://openalex.org/W4409483458","https://openalex.org/W4409537172","https://openalex.org/W4409537453","https://openalex.org/W4409772613","https://openalex.org/W4410578282","https://openalex.org/W4411403091","https://openalex.org/W4411677485","https://openalex.org/W4413303089","https://openalex.org/W4413441025","https://openalex.org/W4414090115","https://openalex.org/W4414436578","https://openalex.org/W4414804561","https://openalex.org/W4416294591","https://openalex.org/W4416891204","https://openalex.org/W7077146653"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4414090115","https://openalex.org/W7167059194","https://openalex.org/W7166859691","https://openalex.org/W7203926153","https://openalex.org/W7159607355","https://openalex.org/W4406000265","https://openalex.org/W7167397293","https://openalex.org/W7161235256","https://openalex.org/W7172418002","https://openalex.org/W7162499696"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND":[0],"Clinical":[1],"reasoning":[2,34,55,118,444],"skills":[3],"are":[4,234],"key":[5],"competencies":[6],"required":[7],"by":[8,145,180,269],"health":[9,65,91,332],"care":[10,66,92,333,412],"professionals.":[11,93],"Generative":[12],"AI":[13],"(GenAI)\u2013enabled":[14],"teaching":[15,29,59,62,102,106,418,440],"may":[16,258,322],"be":[17,97,115,134,178,191,204,225,237,242,248,267,311],"able":[18],"to":[19,74,193,213,236,252,313],"offer":[20,432],"personalized":[21],"learning;":[22],"however,":[23],"its":[24],"effectiveness":[25,52],"compared":[26],"with":[27,104,120,167,184,206,273,354,369,384],"traditional":[28,61,105],"methods":[30,63,107,441],"for":[31,80,123,286,300,442],"developing":[32],"clinical":[33,54,117,443],"capabilities":[35,56],"remains":[36],"underexplored.":[37],"OBJECTIVE":[38],"This":[39,69],"systematic":[40],"review":[41,70,338,404,430],"and":[42,47,60,83,127,141,150,164,171,174,195,229,231,288,304,326,381,390,447],"meta-analysis":[43],"will":[44,72,89,96,114,133,155,177,190,203,224,241,247,266,310,431],"evaluate,":[45],"synthesize,":[46],"compare":[48],"the":[49,75,98,109,124,197,207,215,218,255,278,289,324,395,402,436],"evidence":[50,422],"on":[51,349,423],"in":[53,64,293,341,351,359,394],"between":[57,260],"GenAI-enabled":[58],"education.":[67],"METHODS":[68],"protocol":[71],"adhere":[73],"PRISMA-P":[76],"(Preferred":[77],"Reporting":[78],"Items":[79],"Systematic":[81],"Reviews":[82],"Meta-Analysis":[84],"Protocols)":[85],"guidelines.":[86],"The":[87,94,111,337,426],"population":[88],"include":[90,156,323],"intervention":[95],"use":[99],"of":[100,264,280,291,296,317,328,364,401,438],"GenAI-enhanced":[101,417,439],"methods,":[103,419],"as":[108,186,211,275],"comparator.":[110],"primary":[112],"outcome":[113],"objective":[116],"performance,":[119],"relevant":[121],"validity":[122],"construct,":[125],"population,":[126],"intended":[128],"purpose.":[129],"A":[130,200,319,344,362,373],"database":[131,356],"search":[132,346],"conducted":[135],"across":[136],"Embase,":[137],"MEDLINE,":[138],"CINAHL,":[139],"Scopus,":[140],"Cochrane":[142],"CENTRAL,":[143],"supplemented":[144],"Google":[146],"Scholar,":[147],"reference":[148],"list,":[149],"citation":[151],"searches.":[152],"Study":[153,222],"designs":[154],"randomized":[157],"controlled":[158],"trials":[159],"(RCTs),":[160],"non-RCTs,":[161,301],"quasiexperimental":[162,302],"studies,":[163,303],"cohort":[165,306],"studies":[166,233,366,376,386,392],"suitable":[168],"controls.":[169],"Title":[170],"abstract":[172,382],"screening":[173,176,389],"full-text":[175,388],"completed":[179,348,358],"2":[181,270,282],"independent":[182,271],"reviewers,":[183,272],"arbitration":[185],"required.":[187],"IBM":[188],"SPSS":[189],"used":[192,312,330],"combine":[194],"calculate":[196,214],"overall":[198],"effect.":[199,221],"random-effects":[201],"model":[202],"deployed,":[205],"Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman":[208],"method":[209],"used,":[210,249],"appropriate,":[212,251],"CI":[216],"around":[217],"estimated":[219],"pooled":[220],"heterogeneity":[223],"assessed":[226],"using":[227,277],"I2":[228],"\u03c42,":[230],"where":[232],"judged":[235],"too":[238],"diverse,":[239],"results":[240],"presented":[243],"narratively.":[244],"Prediction":[245],"intervals":[246],"if":[250],"show":[253],"how":[254],"true":[256],"effect":[257],"vary":[259],"similar":[261],"studies.":[262,307],"Risk":[263,279,290],"bias":[265],"reviewed":[268],"arbitration,":[274],"required,":[276],"Bias":[281,292],"(ROB":[283],"2)":[284],"tool":[285,299],"RCTs":[287],"Non-Randomized":[294],"Studies":[295],"Interventions":[297],"(ROBINS-I)":[298],"interventional":[305],"Sensitivity":[308],"analysis":[309,321],"explore":[314],"possible":[315],"sources":[316],"heterogeneity.":[318],"subgroup":[320],"type":[325],"functionality":[327],"GenAI":[329],"and/or":[331],"professional":[334],"background.":[335],"RESULTS":[336],"was":[339,347],"funded":[340],"September":[342],"2025.":[343],"trial":[345],"MEDLINE":[350],"December":[352],"2025,":[353],"final":[355,396,403],"searches":[357],"February":[360],"2026.":[361,409],"total":[363],"4831":[365],"were":[367,377],"retrieved,":[368],"2083":[370],"duplicates":[371],"removed.":[372],"further":[374],"2558":[375],"removed":[378],"at":[379],"title":[380],"screening,":[383],"190":[385],"undergoing":[387],"42":[391],"included":[393],"review.":[397],"Expected":[398],"completion":[399],"date":[400],"is":[405,414],"autumn":[406],"or":[407],"winter":[408],"CONCLUSIONS":[410],"Health":[411],"education":[413],"rapidly":[415],"adopting":[416],"despite":[420],"inconclusive":[421],"their":[424],"effectiveness.":[425],"findings":[427],"from":[428],"this":[429],"essential":[433],"insight":[434],"into":[435],"optimization":[437],"within":[445],"current":[446],"future":[448],"curriculum":[449],"design.":[450],"CLINICALTRIAL":[451],"PROSPERO":[452],"CRD420261284944;":[453],"https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420261284944":[454],"INTERNATIONAL":[455],"REGISTERED":[456],"REPORT":[457],"DERR1-10.2196/95709":[458]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-03-24T00:00:00"}