{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7139967006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.18479","title":"Barren Plateaus Beyond Observable Concentration","display_name":"Barren Plateaus Beyond Observable Concentration","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7139967006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.18479"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2603.18479","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.18479","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2603.18479","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2603.18479","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069717432","display_name":"Zi-Shen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0779-1057","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0779-1057"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Zi-Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034053475","display_name":"Bujiao Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3894-2979","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3894-2979"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wu, Bujiao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130224073","display_name":"Xiao-Wei Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Xiao-Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130253874","display_name":"Man-Hong Yung","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yung, Man-Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11804","display_name":"Quantum many-body systems","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/barren-plateaus","display_name":"barren plateaus","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variational-quantum-circuits","display_name":"variational quantum circuits","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trainability","display_name":"trainability","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-scrambling","display_name":"information scrambling","score":0.546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entanglement","display_name":"entanglement","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/locality","display_name":"locality","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-machine-learning","display_name":"quantum machine learning","score":0.6690000295639038}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32848918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845789","display_name":"Observable","level":2,"score":0.9241999983787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.6092000007629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.583899974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165464430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1570441","display_name":"Parameterized complexity","level":2,"score":0.5501999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.5383999943733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182548165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2261483","display_name":"Scrambling","level":2,"score":0.49709999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.4542999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C208081375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274502","display_name":"Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.3596000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778926657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum system","level":3,"score":0.35179999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.33739998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75235859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582659","display_name":"Exponential growth","level":2,"score":0.3361000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988416141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6031139","display_name":"Information loss","level":2,"score":0.33320000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.3264999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3160000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.30660000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.30660000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36299963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1369844","display_name":"Observability","level":2,"score":0.3027999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.29280000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180188523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574576","display_name":"Exponential decay","level":2,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73586568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2600211","display_name":"Parameter space","level":2,"score":0.2720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2603.18479","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.18479","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2603.18479","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.18479","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.18479","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.18479","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2603.18479","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.18479","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2603.18479","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.5252614617347717,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Parameterized":[0],"quantum":[1,7,12],"circuits":[2,123,156],"(PQCs)":[3],"are":[4,39],"central":[5],"to":[6,143],"machine":[8],"learning":[9],"and":[10,37,54,81,128,140,161],"near-term":[11],"simulation,":[13],"but":[14,105],"their":[15],"scalability":[16],"is":[17,103,173],"often":[18,40],"hindered":[19],"by":[20,60],"barren":[21],"plateaus":[22],"(BPs),":[23],"where":[24],"gradients":[25],"decay":[26],"exponentially":[27],"with":[28,124,157],"system":[29],"size.":[30],"Prior":[31],"explanations,":[32,78],"including":[33,79],"expressivity,":[34],"entanglement,":[35],"locality,":[36],"noise,":[38],"presented":[41],"in":[42,122,155],"ways":[43],"that":[44,68,74,91,100,172],"conflate":[45],"two":[46,114],"distinct":[47,115],"issues:":[48],"concentration":[49,95],"of":[50,56,118,175],"the":[51,136,144],"measured":[52],"observable":[53,94],"loss":[55],"parameter":[57,131],"sensitivity":[58],"caused":[59],"circuit":[61,170],"dynamics.We":[62],"develop":[63],"a":[64,88],"unified":[65],"statistical":[66],"framework":[67],"separates":[69],"these":[70],"mechanisms.":[71],"We":[72],"show":[73],"several":[75],"standard":[76],"BP":[77],"locality-":[80],"entanglement-related":[82],"effects,":[83],"can":[84,133,152],"be":[85],"understood":[86],"through":[87,167],"single":[89],"phenomenon":[90],"we":[92,98,112,165],"term":[93],"(OC).":[96],"Importantly,":[97],"prove":[99],"avoiding":[101],"OC":[102],"necessary":[104],"not":[106],"sufficient":[107],"for":[108],"trainability.":[109],"Beyond":[110],"OC,":[111],"identify":[113],"mid-circuit":[116],"sources":[117],"gradient":[119],"suppression.":[120],"First,":[121],"effectively":[125],"independent":[126],"forward":[127,160],"backward":[129,162],"blocks,":[130,163],"perturbations":[132],"propagate":[134],"outside":[135],"measurement":[137],"light":[138],"cone":[139],"become":[141],"inaccessible":[142],"final":[145],"observable,":[146],"yielding":[147],"information-loss-induced":[148],"BPs.":[149],"Second,":[150],"BPs":[151],"also":[153],"arise":[154],"highly":[158],"correlated":[159],"as":[164],"demonstrate":[166],"an":[168],"echo-type":[169],"model":[171],"reminiscent":[174],"information":[176],"scrambling.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-25T08:18:29.962427","created_date":"2026-03-21T00:00:00"}