{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7139127361","doi":"https://doi.org/10.58829/lp.12.2.2025.316","title":"Criminal Law Policy on Carding in Indonesia: Addressing Legal Certainty and Regulatory Fragmentation","display_name":"Criminal Law Policy on Carding in Indonesia: Addressing Legal Certainty and Regulatory Fragmentation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7139127361","doi":"https://doi.org/10.58829/lp.12.2.2025.316"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.58829/lp.12.2.2025.316","doi":"https://doi.org/10.58829/lp.12.2.2025.316","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.58829/lp.12.2.2025.316","pdf_url":"https://journal.appthi.org/index.php/lexpublica/article/download/316/233","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387287006","display_name":"Lex Publica","issn_l":"2354-9181","issn":["2354-9181","2579-8855"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lex Publica","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7139127361"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://journal.appthi.org/index.php/lexpublica/article/download/316/233","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013303988","display_name":"Wenggedes Frensh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2689-1773","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2689-1773"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146508","display_name":"Medan Area University","ror":"https://ror.org/046581250","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146508"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenggedes Frensh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Medan Area, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Medan Area, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033351891","display_name":"Rizkan Zulyadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2665-6502","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2665-6502"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146508","display_name":"Medan Area University","ror":"https://ror.org/046581250","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146508"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rizkan Zulyadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Medan Area, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Medan Area, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146508"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120254214","display_name":"Nindya Dhaneswara","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8991828","display_name":"Pukyong National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0433kqc49","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8991828"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nindya Dhaneswara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pukyong National University, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pukyong National University, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8991828"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1083,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82260071,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"2","first_page":"361","last_page":"382"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.8032000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.8032000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11876","display_name":"Legal Studies and Policies","score":0.07769999653100967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14291","display_name":"Indonesian Legal and Regulatory Studies","score":0.05950000137090683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carding","display_name":"carding","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/credit-card-fraud","display_name":"credit card fraud","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cybercrime","display_name":"cybercrime","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-certainty","display_name":"legal certainty","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regulatory-fragmentation","display_name":"regulatory fragmentation","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indonesian-criminal-law","display_name":"Indonesian criminal law","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personal-data-protection-law","display_name":"personal data protection law","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-code","display_name":"criminal code","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-enforcement-effectiveness","display_name":"law enforcement effectiveness","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crime-prevention-policy","display_name":"crime prevention policy","score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indonesia","display_name":"Indonesia","score":0.7720000147819519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779029474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49094488","display_name":"Legal certainty","level":2,"score":0.7702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7493553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1520777","display_name":"Certainty","level":2,"score":0.6863999962806702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202565627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146491","display_name":"Criminal law","level":2,"score":0.6347000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44725695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156","display_name":"Normative","level":2,"score":0.6004999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.5601999759674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.49970000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.4961000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4674000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.42910000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69360830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172237","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","level":2,"score":0.39719998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.37869998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779962950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5659376","display_name":"Harmonization","level":2,"score":0.34610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191015642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132459","display_name":"Fragmentation (computing)","level":2,"score":0.31150001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776847301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44918","display_name":"Rule of law","level":3,"score":0.30059999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522695570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6517578","display_name":"Legal research","level":2,"score":0.29820001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177986884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207892","display_name":"Public law","level":2,"score":0.29750001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781251061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416089","display_name":"Evasion (ethics)","level":3,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780744312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411858","display_name":"Carding","level":2,"score":0.2856999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781241145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204606","display_name":"Cyberspace","level":3,"score":0.2831999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102587632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117488","display_name":"Criminal justice","level":2,"score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780677400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4122235","display_name":"Civil law (Civil law)","level":3,"score":0.2718000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780005421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151900","display_name":"Money laundering","level":2,"score":0.2689000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75011936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4122235","display_name":"Private law","level":3,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14224292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13600188","display_name":"Conceptual framework","level":2,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778392301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156800","display_name":"Restitution","level":2,"score":0.2583000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776949292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471855","display_name":"Jurisdiction","level":2,"score":0.25110000371932983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.58829/lp.12.2.2025.316","doi":"https://doi.org/10.58829/lp.12.2.2025.316","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.58829/lp.12.2.2025.316","pdf_url":"https://journal.appthi.org/index.php/lexpublica/article/download/316/233","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387287006","display_name":"Lex Publica","issn_l":"2354-9181","issn":["2354-9181","2579-8855"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lex Publica","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.journal.appthi.org:article/316","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://journal.appthi.org/index.php/lexpublica/article/view/316","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387287006","display_name":"Lex Publica","issn_l":"2354-9181","issn":["2354-9181","2579-8855"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"10.58829/lp.12.2.2025","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.58829/lp.12.2.2025.316","doi":"https://doi.org/10.58829/lp.12.2.2025.316","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.58829/lp.12.2.2025.316","pdf_url":"https://journal.appthi.org/index.php/lexpublica/article/download/316/233","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387287006","display_name":"Lex Publica","issn_l":"2354-9181","issn":["2354-9181","2579-8855"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lex Publica","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7139127361.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7139127361.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6912907855","https://openalex.org/W3202667731","https://openalex.org/W2214528317","https://openalex.org/W4221071624","https://openalex.org/W3175787406","https://openalex.org/W7219658705","https://openalex.org/W4415214468","https://openalex.org/W4292188508","https://openalex.org/W7152382521","https://openalex.org/W6987671344"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,97],"study":[1],"examines":[2],"the":[3,61,111,120],"adequacy":[4],"of":[5,40,48,58,113,122],"legal":[6,21,100,132],"regulations":[7,76],"governing":[8],"credit":[9],"card":[10],"misuse":[11],"(carding)":[12],"in":[13,15],"cyberspace":[14],"Indonesia":[16],"and":[17,23,54,67,87,102,119,127,141],"their":[18],"implications":[19],"for":[20,81],"certainty":[22,101],"law":[24],"enforcement":[25],"effectiveness.":[26],"Using":[27],"a":[28,78,94],"normative":[29],"juridical":[30],"method,":[31],"it":[32],"analyzes":[33],"key":[34],"statutes,":[35],"including":[36],"Law":[37,43,45,55],"No.":[38,46,56],"1":[39,57],"2024":[41],"(EIT":[42],"amendment),":[44],"27":[47],"2022":[49],"on":[50,60,117],"Personal":[51],"Data":[52],"Protection,":[53],"2023":[59],"Criminal":[62],"Code,":[63],"supported":[64],"by":[65],"conceptual":[66],"doctrinal":[68],"approaches.":[69],"The":[70],"findings":[71],"show":[72],"that,":[73],"although":[74],"these":[75],"provide":[77],"general":[79],"framework":[80],"addressing":[82],"cybercrime,":[83],"they":[84],"remain":[85],"fragmented":[86],"do":[88],"not":[89],"explicitly":[90],"regulate":[91],"carding":[92,118],"as":[93],"distinct":[95],"offense.":[96],"gap":[98],"weakens":[99],"limits":[103],"effective":[104],"enforcement.":[105],"Two":[106],"main":[107],"issues":[108],"are":[109],"identified:":[110],"absence":[112],"specific":[114],"criminal":[115],"norms":[116],"lack":[121],"harmonization":[123],"across":[124],"criminal,":[125],"cyber,":[126],"data":[128],"protection":[129],"laws.":[130],"Current":[131],"policy":[133],"is":[134],"also":[135],"predominantly":[136],"repressive,":[137],"with":[138],"limited":[139],"preventive":[140],"victim-oriented":[142],"measures.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-03-20T00:00:00"}
