{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7136259052","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/30681634.2026.2642757","title":"Social determinants of viral suppression among Latinos with HIV in Puerto Rico","display_name":"Social determinants of viral suppression among Latinos with HIV in Puerto Rico","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7136259052","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/30681634.2026.2642757"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/30681634.2026.2642757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/30681634.2026.2642757","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/30681634.2026.2642757","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407056427","display_name":"Journal of HIV & Social Services","issn_l":"3068-1634","issn":["3068-1634","3068-1642"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of HIV &amp; Social Services","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082780688","display_name":"Gabrielle Carmichael","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","display_name":"George Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/00y4zzh67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabrielle Carmichael","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology, George Washington University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, George Washington University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032857107","display_name":"Carlos E. Rodr\u00edguez-D\u00edaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6333-0654","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6333-0654"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Carlos E. Rodriguez-Diaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065617620","display_name":"Ilia M. Otero-Cruz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200399037","display_name":"University of Puerto Rico System","ror":"https://ror.org/02yg0nm07","country_code":"PR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200399037"]}],"countries":["PR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ilia M. Otero-Cruz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Sociomedical Research and Evaluation, University of Puerto Rico"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Sociomedical Research and Evaluation, University of Puerto Rico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200399037"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037540127","display_name":"Edda I. Santiago-Rodr\u00edguez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7076-6907","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7076-6907"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200399037","display_name":"University of Puerto Rico System","ror":"https://ror.org/02yg0nm07","country_code":"PR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200399037"]}],"countries":["PR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edda I. Santiago-Rodr\u00edguez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Sociomedical Research and Evaluation, University of Puerto Rico"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Sociomedical Research and Evaluation, University of Puerto Rico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200399037"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102708487","display_name":"S. Rivera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3446-4869","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3446-4869"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200399037","display_name":"University of Puerto Rico System","ror":"https://ror.org/02yg0nm07","country_code":"PR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200399037"]}],"countries":["PR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Souhail M. Malav\u00e9-Rivera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Sociomedical Research and Evaluation, University of Puerto Rico"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Sociomedical Research and Evaluation, University of Puerto Rico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200399037"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032857107"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10082","display_name":"HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10082","display_name":"HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11860","display_name":"HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk","score":0.010099999606609344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13633","display_name":"Public Health and Social Inequalities","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-viral-suppression","display_name":"HIV viral suppression","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-determinants-of-health","display_name":"social determinants of health","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hispanic-americans","display_name":"Hispanic Americans","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/puerto-rico","display_name":"Puerto Rico","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-disparities","display_name":"health disparities","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transportation-barriers","display_name":"transportation barriers","score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-attainment","display_name":"educational attainment","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inability-to-work","display_name":"inability to work","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/people-living-with-hiv","display_name":"people living with HIV","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viral-load","display_name":"viral load","score":0.5080000162124634}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.5655999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.47929999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.4528000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78491826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045352","display_name":"Social determinants of health","level":3,"score":0.45019999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.37790000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.3352000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.3005000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.28299999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776893239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778765","display_name":"Social isolation","level":2,"score":0.2720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.24709999561309814}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/30681634.2026.2642757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/30681634.2026.2642757","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/30681634.2026.2642757","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407056427","display_name":"Journal of HIV & Social Services","issn_l":"3068-1634","issn":["3068-1634","3068-1642"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of HIV &amp; Social Services","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.9629999995231628}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1830886897","https://openalex.org/W1910357121","https://openalex.org/W1965509687","https://openalex.org/W1975329986","https://openalex.org/W2002086907","https://openalex.org/W2002441048","https://openalex.org/W2016584420","https://openalex.org/W2056162089","https://openalex.org/W2072888911","https://openalex.org/W2122999152","https://openalex.org/W2147883811","https://openalex.org/W2468629338","https://openalex.org/W2914377599","https://openalex.org/W2957412069","https://openalex.org/W2962887626","https://openalex.org/W2984556911","https://openalex.org/W2999918979","https://openalex.org/W3014195937","https://openalex.org/W3048673213","https://openalex.org/W3176723318","https://openalex.org/W3203584464","https://openalex.org/W4223474220","https://openalex.org/W4280557629","https://openalex.org/W4289539790","https://openalex.org/W4362634771","https://openalex.org/W4387735571","https://openalex.org/W4400037912","https://openalex.org/W4400548149","https://openalex.org/W4402008092","https://openalex.org/W4407937721","https://openalex.org/W4408242967","https://openalex.org/W4410776483","https://openalex.org/W4410902885","https://openalex.org/W4414345967"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2325507961","https://openalex.org/W7125977164","https://openalex.org/W4386084020","https://openalex.org/W7135011727","https://openalex.org/W2995414347","https://openalex.org/W7004670244","https://openalex.org/W4229447184","https://openalex.org/W3176723318","https://openalex.org/W4400346622","https://openalex.org/W3202103688"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Latinos":[0,160],"experience":[1],"disproportionate":[2],"adverse":[3],"HIV":[4,15,44,162],"outcomes.":[5],"Viral":[6],"suppression":[7,39],"is":[8,153],"a":[9,62,87,115],"key":[10,143],"strategy":[11],"to":[12,24,126,145,155],"end":[13],"the":[14,47,58,77],"epidemic.":[16],"In":[17],"Puerto":[18],"Rico":[19],"(PR),":[20],"systemic":[21],"disadvantages":[22],"contribute":[23],"health":[25,36,157],"inequities,":[26],"yet":[27],"limited":[28],"research":[29],"has":[30],"examined":[31],"how":[32,139],"social":[33,80,140,151],"determinants":[34,81,152],"of":[35,73,91,118],"affect":[37],"viral":[38,83,88,134,147],"among":[40],"people":[41],"living":[42],"with":[43,131,161],"(PLWH)":[45],"in":[46,163],"archipelago.":[48],"To":[49],"help":[50],"fill":[51],"this":[52],"gap,":[53],"we":[54],"used":[55],"data":[56],"from":[57],"Medical":[59],"Monitoring":[60],"Project,":[61],"population-based":[63],"surveillance":[64],"system":[65],"that":[66],"combines":[67],"interviews":[68],"and":[69,82,101,123],"medical":[70],"record":[71],"abstraction":[72],"PLWH.":[74],"We":[75],"analyzed":[76],"relationship":[78],"between":[79],"suppression,":[84],"defined":[85],"as":[86],"load":[89],"(VL)":[90],"<200":[92],"copies/mL,":[93],"using":[94],"logistic":[95],"regression":[96],"adjusted":[97],"for":[98,159],"age,":[99],"gender,":[100],"sexual":[102],"orientation.":[103],"Among":[104],"1424":[105],"participants,":[106],"22.98%":[107],"were":[108,128],"not":[109,132],"virally":[110],"suppressed.":[111],"Needing":[112],"transportation,":[113],"having":[114],"lower":[116],"level":[117],"education":[119],"than":[120],"high":[121],"school,":[122],"being":[124],"unable":[125],"work":[127],"significantly":[129],"associated":[130],"achieving":[133,146],"suppression.":[135,148],"These":[136],"results":[137],"illustrate":[138],"factors":[141],"are":[142],"barriers":[144],"Addressing":[149],"these":[150],"essential":[154],"improving":[156],"outcomes":[158],"PR.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2026-03-17T00:00:00"}