{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7135246701","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-10039","title":"Global 1 km Reconstruction of Historical and Future Land Use with Machine Learning","display_name":"Global 1 km Reconstruction of Historical and Future Land Use with Machine Learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7135246701","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-10039"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5194/egusphere-egu26-10039","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-10039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-10039","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-abstract","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-10039","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039088442","display_name":"Marina Casta\u00f1o","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6516-4320","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6516-4320"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799803557","display_name":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05sd8tv96","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799803557","https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marina Casta\u00f1o","raw_affiliation_strings":["Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Earth Sciences, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6516-4320","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Earth Sciences, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799803557"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058263968","display_name":"Amirpasha Mozaffari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6719-0425","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6719-0425"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799803557","display_name":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05sd8tv96","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799803557","https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amirpasha Mozaffari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Earth Sciences, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6719-0425","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Earth Sciences, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799803557"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027081468","display_name":"Stefano Materia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5635-2847","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5635-2847"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799803557","display_name":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05sd8tv96","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799803557","https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Materia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Earth Sciences, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Earth Sciences, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799803557"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129039510","display_name":"Amanda Duarte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9340-958X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9340-958X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799803557","display_name":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05sd8tv96","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799803557","https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amanda Duarte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Earth Sciences, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9340-958X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Earth Sciences, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799803557"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039088442","https://openalex.org/A5058263968","https://openalex.org/A5129039510"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799803557"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9452999830245972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9452999830245972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.01940000057220459,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.010300000198185444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use-change","display_name":"land use change","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use-projections","display_name":"land use projections","score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/luh2","display_name":"LUH2","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-downscaling","display_name":"spatial downscaling","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/u-net","display_name":"U-Net","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/koppen-geiger-climate-classification","display_name":"K\u00f6ppen climate classification","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-density","display_name":"population density","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anthropogenic-factors","display_name":"anthropogenic factors","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-inference","display_name":"distributed inference","score":0.5049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrestrial-carbon-sequestration","display_name":"terrestrial carbon sequestration","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-atmosphere-interactions","display_name":"land-atmosphere interactions","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-model-boundary-conditions","display_name":"climate model boundary conditions","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-twin","display_name":"digital twin","score":0.5580000281333923}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.6021999716758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79581498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367530","display_name":"Suite","level":2,"score":0.46389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.4602999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.45559999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.41269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.4065000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.39559999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.39489999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.3882000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3871000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122690726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3348639","display_name":"Land use, land-use change and forestry","level":3,"score":0.3797999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.3686000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80368990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3046459","display_name":"Earth system science","level":2,"score":0.366100013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168754636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620920","display_name":"Climate model","level":3,"score":0.3596000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3481999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181843262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492","display_name":"Digital elevation model","level":2,"score":0.3255000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62354387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875399","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","level":2,"score":0.3244999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32359999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115343472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Global warming","level":3,"score":0.3165000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.2833999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111874474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6005872","display_name":"Impact assessment","level":2,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120938966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5275845","display_name":"Digital Earth","level":2,"score":0.26499998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39399123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1348989","display_name":"Earth observation","level":3,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.25519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199491958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737514","display_name":"Global change","level":3,"score":0.2547000050544739}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5194/egusphere-egu26-10039","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-10039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-10039","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5194/egusphere-egu26-10039","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-10039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-10039","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life on land","score":0.4390000104904175}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7223133573","https://openalex.org/W6901455416","https://openalex.org/W7164368507","https://openalex.org/W2607525600","https://openalex.org/W7135193083","https://openalex.org/W7213266626","https://openalex.org/W4408439806","https://openalex.org/W3212890067","https://openalex.org/W3184202504","https://openalex.org/W2508347052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Land":[0],"use":[1,38,210],"change":[2],"is":[3,155],"a":[4,13,62,85,115,137,193,199,215],"significant":[5],"source":[6],"of":[7,64,66,139,196,205,223],"anthropogenic":[8,121],"carbon":[9,75],"emissions,":[10],"making":[11],"it":[12],"critical":[14],"yet":[15],"often":[16],"underrepresented":[17],"component":[18],"in":[19,61,72,229],"climate":[20,130,231],"projections.":[21],"As":[22],"next-generation":[23,230],"Earth":[24],"System":[25],"Models":[26],"move":[27],"toward":[28],"kilometer-scale":[29],"resolutions":[30],"to":[31,48,90,111,118],"capture":[32],"fine-scale":[33],"land-atmosphere":[34],"interactions,":[35],"existing":[36],"land":[37,209],"projections":[39],"(typically":[40],"provided":[41],"at":[42],"\u224830":[43],"km":[44,101,182],"resolution)":[45],"are":[46],"insufficient":[47],"represent":[49],"the":[50,104,180,186,221],"spatial":[51,67],"heterogeneity":[52],"these":[53],"models":[54],"require.Relying":[55],"on":[56],"coarse":[57,92],"datasets":[58],"can":[59],"result":[60],"loss":[63],"31\u201354%":[65],"information,":[68],"introducing":[69],"substantial":[70],"biases":[71],"simulated":[73],"terrestrial":[74],"sequestration":[76],"and":[77,106,132,172,198,226,233],"surface":[78],"fluxes.":[79],"To":[80],"address":[81],"this,":[82],"we":[83],"present":[84],"deep":[86],"learning":[87],"framework":[88],"designed":[89],"downscale":[91],"Land-Use":[93],"Harmonization":[94],"2":[95],"(LUH2)":[96],"data":[97],"into":[98],"high-resolution":[99,125,133,140],"1":[100,181],"mosaics":[102],"covering":[103],"historical":[105],"future":[107],"period":[108],"from":[109,123],"1850":[110],"2100.Our":[112],"methodology":[113],"employs":[114],"U-Net":[116],"architecture":[117],"integrate":[119],"transient":[120],"drivers":[122],"LUH2,":[124],"environmental":[126],"conditions":[127],"using":[128,160],"K\u00f6ppen-Geiger":[129],"classifications,":[131],"population":[134],"density":[135],"with":[136],"suite":[138],"static":[141],"geophysical":[142],"features":[143],"(elevation,":[144],"2D":[145],"depth-weighted":[146],"soil":[147],"composition,":[148],"terrain":[149],"characteristics).":[150],"A":[151],"key":[152],"technical":[153],"advancement":[154],"our":[156],"distributed":[157],"inference":[158],"pipeline":[159],"Gaussian-weighted":[161],"patch":[162],"aggregation.":[163],"By":[164],"normalizing":[165],"overlapping":[166],"predictions,":[167],"this":[168],"approach":[169],"eliminates":[170],"blockiness":[171],"edge":[173],"artifacts,":[174],"ensuring":[175],"seamless":[176],"global":[177,194],"transitions":[178],"across":[179],"mosaic.":[183],"Validation":[184],"against":[185],"HILDA+":[187],"dataset":[188],"demonstrates":[189],"high":[190],"fidelity,":[191],"achieving":[192],"accuracy":[195],"94.5%":[197],"mean":[200],"Intersection":[201],"over":[202],"Union":[203],"(mIoU)":[204],"0.799":[206],"for":[207],"primary":[208],"classes.":[211],"These":[212],"results":[213],"provide":[214],"continuous":[216],"boundary":[217],"condition":[218],"that":[219],"enhances":[220],"realism":[222],"carbon,":[224],"water,":[225],"energy":[227],"fluxes":[228],"simulations":[232],"digital":[234],"twin":[235],"infrastructures.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-03-14T00:00:00"}
