{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7134916640","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6273198","title":"How to Count AIs: Individuation and Liability for AI Agents","display_name":"How to Count AIs: Individuation and Liability for AI Agents","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7134916640","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6273198"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6273198","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6273198","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6273198","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6273198","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060293595","display_name":"Yonathan A. Arbel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0770-613X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0770-613X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17301866","display_name":"University of Alabama","ror":"https://ror.org/03xrrjk67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonathan A. Arbel","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Alabama - School of Law","University of Alabama - School of Law, P.O. Box 870382, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alabama - School of Law","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alabama - School of Law, P.O. Box 870382, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054881971","display_name":"Simon Goldstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4089-8575","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4089-8575"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Goldstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Hong Kong - University of Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Hong Kong - University of Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044864384","display_name":"Peter Salib","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peter Salib","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Houston Law Center","University of Houston Law Center, 4104 Martin Luther King Blvd., Houston, TX 77204, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Houston Law Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Houston Law Center, 4104 Martin Luther King Blvd., Houston, TX 77204, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044864384"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.8173999786376953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.8173999786376953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14036","display_name":"Literary and Philosophical Studies","score":0.16329999268054962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.009700000286102295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-agents","display_name":"AI agents","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-personality","display_name":"legal personality","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-liability","display_name":"AI liability","score":0.5619999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-fiction","display_name":"legal fiction","score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-agent-problem","display_name":"principal-agent problem","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-governance","display_name":"AI governance","score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-harms","display_name":"AI harms","score":0.3179999887943268}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.7046999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777834853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96776939","display_name":"Liability","level":2,"score":0.5996999740600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5728999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5501999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780938662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q973710","display_name":"Tying","level":2,"score":0.5144000053405762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5134000182151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4925999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779148493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q681449","display_name":"Individuation","level":2,"score":0.4302999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.40560001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.37940001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.35929998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.3513000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3400999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.33649998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3172000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.31310001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46355384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726686","display_name":"Compromise","level":2,"score":0.30079999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781451568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16965475","display_name":"Stipulation","level":2,"score":0.29820001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47188148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2254571","display_name":"Personal identity","level":3,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74072328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1142726","display_name":"Intelligent agent","level":2,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108650721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783253","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","level":2,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.25450000166893005}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6273198","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6273198","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6273198","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2603.10028","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2603.10028","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2603.10028","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philpapers.org/rec/ARBHTC","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://philpapers.org/rec/ARBHTC","pdf_url":"https://philpapers.org/archive/ARBHTC.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402130","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philarchive.org/rec/ARBHTC","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://philarchive.org/rec/ARBHTC","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402130","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.10028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.10028","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.10028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6273198","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6273198","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6273198","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.8046000003814697}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7134916640.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7134916640.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4321188359","https://openalex.org/W4394793541","https://openalex.org/W4406961142"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7133527571","https://openalex.org/W7170055613","https://openalex.org/W7157223379","https://openalex.org/W7076289602","https://openalex.org/W7134044185","https://openalex.org/W7084044804","https://openalex.org/W7154503837","https://openalex.org/W7204650359","https://openalex.org/W3135064672","https://openalex.org/W7167814767"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-03-12T00:00:00"}
