{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133648592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18873992","title":"State-Expanding Systems: A Constraint-Limited Theory of Novelty Growth","display_name":"State-Expanding Systems: A Constraint-Limited Theory of Novelty Growth","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133648592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18873992"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18873992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18873992","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18873992","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18873992","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111756515","display_name":"Michael A. Costolo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Costolo, Michael","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent Researcher"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Researcher","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111756515"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14299","display_name":"Complex Systems and Dynamics","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14299","display_name":"Complex Systems and Dynamics","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14143","display_name":"Economic and Technological Innovation","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12469","display_name":"Chaos, Complexity, and Education","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/novelty-generation","display_name":"novelty generation","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint-relaxation","display_name":"constraint relaxation","score":0.8880000114440918}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778738651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16546687","display_name":"Novelty","level":2,"score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.6337000131607056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776029896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3935810","display_name":"Relaxation (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5594000220298767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5187000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115908005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2668364","display_name":"Combinatorial explosion","level":2,"score":0.5091000199317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.5019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4986000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.4844000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777027219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1284190","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.42980000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3986000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.39169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149629883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660926","display_name":"Fraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.37779998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52692508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1333872","display_name":"Combinatorial optimization","level":2,"score":0.37610000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3418000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3228999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.31060001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776372474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508291","display_name":"Simplicity","level":2,"score":0.3012000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199622910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128326","display_name":"Constraint satisfaction problem","level":3,"score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47822265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854457","display_name":"Complex system","level":2,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987825933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorial analysis","level":2,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112313634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7886648","display_name":"Complement (music)","level":5,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.25699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.25450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776141515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1274479","display_name":"Repetition (rhetorical device)","level":2,"score":0.25360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988809283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514868","display_name":"Combinatorial algorithms","level":2,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18873992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18873992","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18873992","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18873993","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18873993","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18873993","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18873992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18873992","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18873992","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7148308362","https://openalex.org/W7207520734","https://openalex.org/W7204650766","https://openalex.org/W7153880690","https://openalex.org/W7135407283","https://openalex.org/W7114803609","https://openalex.org/W7165478231","https://openalex.org/W2338004266","https://openalex.org/W7222949023","https://openalex.org/W7140044971"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,85],"introduces":[2],"a":[3,45,72,104,116],"constraint-limited":[4],"model":[5,35],"of":[6,48,78,90,140],"combinatorial":[7,46,69,82,120],"growth":[8],"that":[9,30,37],"examines":[10],"how":[11],"feasibility":[12],"scales":[13],"with":[14],"increasing":[15],"system":[16],"dimensionality.":[17],"The":[18,34,84,101,129],"framework":[19],"analyzes":[20],"the":[21,51,68,87,132],"balance":[22],"between":[23,76],"expanding":[24],"possibility":[25],"spaces":[26],"and":[27,81,93,99,122,138],"constraint":[28,123],"structures":[29],"prune":[31],"feasible":[32,39,52],"configurations.":[33],"shows":[36],"when":[38],"configurations":[40],"grow":[41],"as":[42],"c^n":[43],"within":[44,115],"space":[47],"size":[49],"2^n,":[50],"fraction":[53],"collapses":[54],"for":[55,108,142],"constant":[56],"c":[57],"<":[58],"2.":[59],"Sustained":[60],"novelty":[61],"generation":[62],"therefore":[63],"requires":[64],"c(n)":[65],"to":[66],"approach":[67],"base,":[70],"producing":[71],"narrow":[73,117],"\u201ccomplexity":[74],"corridor\u201d":[75],"regimes":[77],"trivial":[79],"repetition":[80],"sparsity.":[83],"derives":[86],"analytic":[88],"structure":[89],"this":[91],"corridor":[92],"explores":[94],"it":[95],"through":[96],"numerical":[97],"simulations":[98],"visualizations.":[100],"results":[102],"suggest":[103],"possible":[105],"structural":[106],"explanation":[107],"why":[109],"complex":[110,143],"systems":[111],"may":[112],"emerge":[113],"only":[114],"range":[118],"where":[119],"expansion":[121],"relaxation":[124],"operate":[125],"at":[126],"comparable":[127],"scales.":[128],"manuscript":[130],"includes":[131],"full":[133],"mathematical":[134],"derivation,":[135],"simulation":[136],"results,":[137],"discussion":[139],"implications":[141],"systems.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-07T09:51:55.459714","created_date":"2026-03-06T00:00:00"}