{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133294263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2026.1719430","title":"Optimizing gut microbial balance and growth performance in growing pigs through protease-supplemented low protein diets","display_name":"Optimizing gut microbial balance and growth performance in growing pigs through protease-supplemented low protein diets","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133294263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2026.1719430"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fanim.2026.1719430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2026.1719430","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2026.1719430","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/animal-science/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1719430/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210230110","display_name":"Frontiers in Animal Science","issn_l":"2673-6225","issn":["2673-6225"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Animal Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/animal-science/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1719430/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159724825","display_name":"Sungbo Cho","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89015989","display_name":"Dankook University","ror":"https://ror.org/058pdbn81","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sungbo Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University","Smart Animal Bio Institute, Dankook University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smart Animal Bio Institute, Dankook University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064758268","display_name":"Robie Vasquez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2878-9125","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2878-9125"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89015989","display_name":"Dankook University","ror":"https://ror.org/058pdbn81","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robie Vasquez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070847115","display_name":"Vetriselvi Sampath","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6726-8568","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6726-8568"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89015989","display_name":"Dankook University","ror":"https://ror.org/058pdbn81","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vetriselvi Sampath","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University","Smart Animal Bio Institute, Dankook University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smart Animal Bio Institute, Dankook University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071673864","display_name":"Ji Hoon Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0027-7416","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0027-7416"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89015989","display_name":"Dankook University","ror":"https://ror.org/058pdbn81","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ji Hoon Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100694899","display_name":"Jae Seung Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0907-4901","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0907-4901"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89015989","display_name":"Dankook University","ror":"https://ror.org/058pdbn81","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jae Seung Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011012416","display_name":"Demin Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0500-5292","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0500-5292"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Demin Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Joint Research Laboratory in Universities of Jiangsu Province of China for Domestic Animal Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement","Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Breeding and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Joint Research Laboratory in Universities of Jiangsu Province of China for Domestic Animal Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Breeding and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008470607","display_name":"Dae\u2010Kyung Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9241-1250","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9241-1250"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89015989","display_name":"Dankook University","ror":"https://ror.org/058pdbn81","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dae-Kyung Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University","Smart Animal Bio Institute, Dankook University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smart Animal Bio Institute, Dankook University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038698865","display_name":"In Ho Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6652-2504","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6652-2504","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3135-6312"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89015989","display_name":"Dankook University","ror":"https://ror.org/058pdbn81","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"In Ho Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University","Smart Animal Bio Institute, Dankook University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smart Animal Bio Institute, Dankook University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008470607","https://openalex.org/A5038698865"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"],"apc_list":{"value":1950,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2353},"apc_paid":{"value":1950,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2353},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10152","display_name":"Animal Nutrition and Physiology","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10152","display_name":"Animal Nutrition and Physiology","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10066","display_name":"Gut microbiota and health","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10450","display_name":"Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1104","display_name":"Aquatic Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protease-supplementation","display_name":"protease supplementation","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-crude-protein-diets","display_name":"low crude protein diets","score":0.953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/growing-pigs","display_name":"growing pigs","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gut-microbiota","display_name":"gut microbiota","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/growth-performance","display_name":"growth performance","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feed-conversion-ratio","display_name":"feed conversion ratio","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitrogen-retention","display_name":"nitrogen retention","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ammonia-emissions","display_name":"ammonia emissions","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/short-chain-fatty-acids","display_name":"short-chain fatty acids","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/odor-control","display_name":"odor control","score":0.43700000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feed-efficiency","display_name":"feed efficiency","score":0.4269999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776714187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212410","display_name":"Protease","level":3,"score":0.7508999705314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.6219000220298767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22830521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q649967","display_name":"Feed conversion ratio","level":3,"score":0.5882999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776979534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193213","display_name":"Butyrate","level":3,"score":0.5568000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143121216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1330402","display_name":"Microbiome","level":2,"score":0.5156999826431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142796444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181394","display_name":"Nutrient","level":2,"score":0.5020999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140793950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168091","display_name":"Animal science","level":1,"score":0.5015000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539455810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739734","display_name":"Gut flora","level":2,"score":0.4462999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777661713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17067874","display_name":"Low-protein diet","level":2,"score":0.4383000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61716771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q496","display_name":"Feces","level":2,"score":0.43389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8101879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175343","display_name":"Nitrogen balance","level":3,"score":0.43369999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778977261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11358","display_name":"Carbohydrate","level":2,"score":0.3991999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020070354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21296145","display_name":"Dietary protein","level":2,"score":0.3483000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019978661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739734","display_name":"Gut microbiome","level":3,"score":0.3172999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.2833000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776379897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16958541","display_name":"Protein efficiency ratio","level":4,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147583825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620876","display_name":"Body weight","level":2,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42566525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q652439","display_name":"Single-cell protein","level":3,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C537208039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627","display_name":"Nitrogen","level":2,"score":0.26809999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C543025807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61476","display_name":"Fatty acid","level":2,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780320433","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3403879","display_name":"Weight gain","level":3,"score":0.25440001487731934}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fanim.2026.1719430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2026.1719430","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2026.1719430","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/animal-science/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1719430/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210230110","display_name":"Frontiers in Animal Science","issn_l":"2673-6225","issn":["2673-6225"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Animal Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0022394a4adc4ddba09240cd742c0c4f","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0022394a4adc4ddba09240cd742c0c4f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Animal Science, Vol 7 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fanim.2026.1719430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2026.1719430","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2026.1719430","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/animal-science/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1719430/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210230110","display_name":"Frontiers in Animal Science","issn_l":"2673-6225","issn":["2673-6225"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Animal Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.875,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"},{"score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1331539340","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF\u2010RS\u20102023\u201000275307","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321209","display_name":"Dankook University","ror":"https://ror.org/058pdbn81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7133294263.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7133294263.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1899663046","https://openalex.org/W1970450630","https://openalex.org/W2003537020","https://openalex.org/W2036897871","https://openalex.org/W2047614793","https://openalex.org/W2071904477","https://openalex.org/W2084796563","https://openalex.org/W2090106292","https://openalex.org/W2092431346","https://openalex.org/W2096655634","https://openalex.org/W2106413787","https://openalex.org/W2110300022","https://openalex.org/W2133856765","https://openalex.org/W2136284591","https://openalex.org/W2146860605","https://openalex.org/W2153109441","https://openalex.org/W2401404581","https://openalex.org/W2511297415","https://openalex.org/W2559262673","https://openalex.org/W2560147436","https://openalex.org/W2579533542","https://openalex.org/W2755460886","https://openalex.org/W2888529823","https://openalex.org/W2963276645","https://openalex.org/W2966499532","https://openalex.org/W2979555444","https://openalex.org/W2979725594","https://openalex.org/W3000845936","https://openalex.org/W3041263165","https://openalex.org/W3044339450","https://openalex.org/W3092946021","https://openalex.org/W3094841997","https://openalex.org/W3108655219","https://openalex.org/W3111395779","https://openalex.org/W3133842087","https://openalex.org/W3194469955","https://openalex.org/W3195692125","https://openalex.org/W4220897983","https://openalex.org/W4221000902","https://openalex.org/W4283211739","https://openalex.org/W4283720482","https://openalex.org/W4289732321","https://openalex.org/W4313436108","https://openalex.org/W4353018199","https://openalex.org/W4383554813","https://openalex.org/W4389180480","https://openalex.org/W4389503079","https://openalex.org/W4389688084","https://openalex.org/W4391969162","https://openalex.org/W4400407032"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4416658006","https://openalex.org/W2736824542","https://openalex.org/W3209344598","https://openalex.org/W2600369594","https://openalex.org/W2910971152","https://openalex.org/W2792004927","https://openalex.org/W4387965396","https://openalex.org/W4402541243","https://openalex.org/W3133842087","https://openalex.org/W3093358174"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction":[0],"Environmentally":[1],"friendly":[2],"pork":[3],"production":[4],"is":[5,24],"crucial":[6],"to":[7,29,79,186],"the":[8,12,31,44,82,158,163,170,207,211,235],"pig":[9],"industry,":[10],"where":[11],"enhancement":[13],"of":[14,81,183,193,210,213,237],"growth":[15,45,241],"performance":[16,242],"and":[17,51,69,75,103,140,172,180,200,220,243,251,254],"feed":[18,141,244],"efficiency":[19,245],"with":[20,116,128,190],"reduced":[21,218],"environmental":[22],"impacts":[23],"favored.":[25],"This":[26],"study":[27],"aimed":[28],"evaluate":[30],"effect":[32],"that":[33],"protease":[34,129,216,238],"supplementation":[35,130],"in":[36,54,157,162,227,239],"a":[37,124,132,147,224],"low":[38,97,105,125],"crude":[39,88],"protein":[40,89],"diet":[41,99,107,127],"has":[42],"on":[43,71,167],"performance,":[46],"nutrient":[47],"digestibility,":[48],"nitrogen":[49,219],"retention,":[50],"gut":[52,248],"microbiome":[53,168],"growing":[55],"pigs.":[56],"Methods":[57],"Eighty":[58],"pigs":[59,118,214],"(Landrace":[60],"\u00d7":[61,63],"Yorkshire":[62],"Duroc;":[64],"24.72":[65],"kg)":[66],"were":[67,155],"selected,":[68],"based":[70],"initial":[72],"body":[73,135],"weight":[74],"sex,":[76],"randomly":[77],"allocated":[78],"one":[80],"following":[83],"dietary":[84],"treatments:":[85],"H,":[86],"16%":[87],"(CP)":[90],"diet;":[91,95],"L,":[92],"14%":[93],"CP":[94,98,106,126,149,267],"L+E1,":[96],"+":[100,108],"0.1%":[101],"protease;":[102],"L+E2,":[104],"0.2%":[109],"protease.":[110],"Each":[111],"treatment":[112],"comprised":[113],"four":[114],"replicates":[115],"five":[117],"per":[119],"pen.":[120],"Results":[121],"Pigs":[122],"fed":[123,146,215],"showed":[131,175],"significantly":[133],"higher":[134,191],"weight,":[136],"average":[137],"daily":[138],"gain,":[139],"conversion":[142],"ratio":[143,179],"than":[144,161],"those":[145],"high":[148],"diet.":[150],"In":[151],"addition,":[152],"ammonia":[153],"emissions":[154],"lower":[156,266],"L+E2":[159,173],"group":[160],"L":[164],"group.":[165],"Based":[166],"analysis,":[169],"L+E1":[171],"groups":[174],"an":[176],"increased":[177],"Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidota":[178],"elevated":[181],"expression":[182],"pathways":[184],"related":[185],"carbohydrate":[187],"metabolism,":[188,222],"coinciding":[189],"concentrations":[192],"short-chain":[194],"fatty":[195],"acids,":[196],"such":[197],"as":[198],"butyrate":[199],"propionate,":[201],"which":[202],"support":[203],"intestinal":[204],"health.":[205],"Additionally,":[206],"predicted":[208],"function":[209],"microbiota":[212],"exhibited":[217],"sulfur":[221],"suggesting":[223],"potential":[225,260],"reduction":[226],"excreted":[228],"odorous":[229],"compounds.":[230],"Discussion":[231],"These":[232],"findings":[233],"highlight":[234],"role":[236],"enhancing":[240],"by":[246],"modulating":[247],"microbial":[249],"composition":[250],"metabolic":[252],"functions":[253],"reducing":[255],"noxious":[256],"gas":[257],"emissions.":[258],"Also,":[259],"feed-cost":[261],"savings":[262],"are":[263],"inferred":[264],"from":[265],"formulation.":[268]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-27T15:51:10.671819","created_date":"2026-03-04T00:00:00"}