{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133196738","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2026.1737790","title":"An AI-driven conceptual framework for detecting fake news and deepfake content: a systematic review","display_name":"An AI-driven conceptual framework for detecting fake news and deepfake content: a systematic review","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133196738","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2026.1737790","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41847081","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12989605"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2026.1737790","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2026.1737790","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2026.1737790","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1737790/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7133196738"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1737790/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127781094","display_name":"Bravlyn VC. Moyo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131135081","display_name":"Sol Plaatje University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kn7bc28","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131135081"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bravlyn VC. Moyo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science & Information Technology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Sol Plaatje University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science & Information Technology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Sol Plaatje University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131135081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035304603","display_name":"Tite Tuyikeze","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5003-3247","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5003-3247"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131135081","display_name":"Sol Plaatje University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kn7bc28","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131135081"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tite Tuyikeze","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science & Information Technology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Sol Plaatje University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science & Information Technology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Sol Plaatje University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131135081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022347912","display_name":"Fezile Matsebula","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131135081","display_name":"Sol Plaatje University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kn7bc28","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131135081"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fezile Matsebula","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science & Information Technology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Sol Plaatje University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science & Information Technology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Sol Plaatje University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131135081"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048398805","display_name":"Ibidun Christiana Obagbuwa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7965-2823","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7965-2823"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131135081","display_name":"Sol Plaatje University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kn7bc28","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131135081"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92579986","display_name":"Walter Sisulu University","ror":"https://ror.org/02svzjn28","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92579986"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ibidun C. Obagbuwa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science & Information Technology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Sol Plaatje University","Department of Mathematical Sciences and Computing, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science & Information Technology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Sol Plaatje University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131135081"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematical Sciences and Computing, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92579986"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048398805"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131135081","https://openalex.org/I92579986"],"apc_list":{"value":1950,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2353},"apc_paid":{"value":1950,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2353},"fwci":13.5978,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98957529,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"1737790","last_page":"1737790"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.4993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.4993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.49900001287460327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deepfake-detection","display_name":"deepfake detection","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fake-news-detection","display_name":"fake news detection","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-media","display_name":"synthetic media","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-ai","display_name":"generative AI","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/misinformation","display_name":"misinformation","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimodal-detection","display_name":"multimodal detection","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clip","display_name":"CLIP","score":0.5370000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explainable-ai","display_name":"explainable AI","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-governance","display_name":"AI governance","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-dataset-generalization","display_name":"cross-dataset generalization","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark-dataset","display_name":"benchmark dataset","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trust-in-media","display_name":"media trust","score":0.4779999852180481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5656999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14224292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13600188","display_name":"Conceptual framework","level":2,"score":0.5457000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.5424000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.48969998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.45100000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778431730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q494291","display_name":"Folksonomy","level":2,"score":0.4449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.43299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4253000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.38019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.35190001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.3490999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778568292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7727275","display_name":"The Conceptual Framework","level":3,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.2881999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778805511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1713","display_name":"Citation","level":2,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196879817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q872685","display_name":"Data governance","level":4,"score":0.2754000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74196892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7781188","display_name":"Thematic analysis","level":3,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.25929999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2026.1737790","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2026.1737790","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2026.1737790","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1737790/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12989605","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12989605/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12989605/pdf/frai-09-1737790.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Artif Intell","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:41847081","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41847081","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence","raw_type":"Systematic Review"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:963973b3fd354eec8b64a9c53fb46572","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/963973b3fd354eec8b64a9c53fb46572","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, Vol 9 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2026.1737790","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2026.1737790","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2026.1737790","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1737790/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7133196738.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7133196738.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2130736456","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W3002581072","https://openalex.org/W3019200173","https://openalex.org/W3031781733","https://openalex.org/W4288079542","https://openalex.org/W4312327053","https://openalex.org/W4388816499","https://openalex.org/W4390116384","https://openalex.org/W4393051522","https://openalex.org/W4399440233"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4407190633","https://openalex.org/W7163386242","https://openalex.org/W4410864159","https://openalex.org/W7134953348","https://openalex.org/W7161007509","https://openalex.org/W4416343278","https://openalex.org/W7220704113","https://openalex.org/W7222963379","https://openalex.org/W6929388643","https://openalex.org/W4414441547"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"rapid":[1],"advancement":[2],"of":[3,12,55,95,101,161,179],"generative":[4],"artificial":[5],"intelligence":[6],"(AI)":[7],"has":[8],"enabled":[9],"the":[10,52,159,177],"creation":[11],"highly":[13],"realistic":[14],"synthetic":[15],"media,":[16],"commonly":[17],"referred":[18],"to":[19,28,44],"as":[20],"deepfakes,":[21],"which":[22],"are":[23],"increasingly":[24],"multimodal":[25,170,212],"and":[26,35,48,68,93,114,126,132,135,139,155,176,200,217,226],"difficult":[27],"detect.":[29],"While":[30],"these":[31],"technologies":[32],"offer":[33],"creative":[34],"commercial":[36],"potential,":[37],"they":[38],"also":[39],"pose":[40],"critical":[41],"challenges":[42,167],"related":[43],"misinformation,":[45],"media":[46],"trust,":[47],"societal":[49],"harm.":[50],"Despite":[51],"growing":[53],"body":[54],"research,":[56],"existing":[57],"reviews":[58],"remain":[59,168],"fragmented,":[60],"often":[61],"separating":[62],"technical":[63,222],"detection":[64,127,195,215],"advances":[65],"from":[66,149],"social":[67,131],"governance":[69,180,201],"considerations.":[70],"This":[71,185],"study":[72],"addresses":[73],"this":[74],"gap":[75],"through":[76,203],"a":[77,145],"systematic":[78],"review":[79,186],"conducted":[80],"in":[81,169],"accordance":[82],"with":[83,224],"PRISMA":[84],"guidelines":[85],"across":[86],"IEEE":[87],"Xplore,":[88],"Scopus,":[89],"ACM":[90],"Digital":[91],"Library,":[92],"Web":[94],"Science.":[96],"From":[97],"an":[98,188],"initial":[99],"set":[100],"120":[102],"database":[103],"records,":[104],"complemented":[105],"by":[106],"citation":[107],"chaining,":[108],"34":[109],"studies":[110,121],"published":[111],"between":[112],"2014":[113],"2025":[115],"were":[116],"included":[117],"for":[118],"analysis.":[119],"Eighteen":[120],"focused":[122],"on":[123],"deepfake":[124],"generation":[125],"models,":[128],"eight":[129,136],"examined":[130],"behavioural":[133],"implications,":[134],"addressed":[137],"ethical":[138,225],"regulatory":[140],"frameworks.":[141],"Thematic":[142],"synthesis":[143],"reveals":[144],"clear":[146],"methodological":[147],"shift":[148],"convolutional":[150],"neural":[151],"networks":[152],"toward":[153],"transformer-":[154],"CLIP-based":[156],"architectures,":[157],"alongside":[158],"emergence":[160],"large-scale":[162],"benchmark":[163],"datasets.":[164],"However,":[165],"persistent":[166],"detection,":[171],"cross-dataset":[172],"generalization,":[173],"explainability-robustness":[174],"trade-offs,":[175],"translation":[178],"principles":[181],"into":[182],"deployable":[183],"systems.":[184],"contributes":[187],"integrated":[189],"conceptual":[190],"framework":[191],"that":[192,220],"operationally":[193],"connects":[194],"technologies,":[196],"explainable":[197],"AI":[198],"(XAI),":[199],"mechanisms":[202],"explicit":[204],"feedback":[205],"loops.":[206],"Future":[207],"research":[208],"directions":[209],"emphasize":[210],"robust":[211],"benchmarks,":[213],"retrieval-augmented":[214],"systems,":[216],"interdisciplinary":[218],"approaches":[219],"align":[221],"innovation":[223],"policy":[227],"safeguards.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2026-03-03T00:00:00"}