{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131136898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijse-05-2025-0495","title":"Unintended educational consequences of the Bolsa Fam\u00edlia program in Brazil","display_name":"Unintended educational consequences of the Bolsa Fam\u00edlia program in Brazil","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131136898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijse-05-2025-0495"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/ijse-05-2025-0495","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijse-05-2025-0495","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijse-05-2025-0495","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S49131624","display_name":"International Journal of Social Economics","issn_l":"0306-8293","issn":["0306-8293","1758-6712"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Social Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039403690","display_name":"Fernanda Araujo Maciel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3411-5844","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3411-5844"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43522216","display_name":"California State University, Sacramento","ror":"https://ror.org/03e26wv14","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43522216"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fernanda Araujo Maciel","raw_affiliation_strings":["California State University Sacramento , , ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3411-5844","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"California State University Sacramento , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43522216"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039403690"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43522216"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.09590861,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"53","issue":"9","first_page":"1383","last_page":"1398"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11556","display_name":"Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11556","display_name":"Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10589","display_name":"Early Childhood Education and Development","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bolsa-familia-program","display_name":"Bolsa Fam\u00edlia","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditional-cash-transfers","display_name":"conditional cash transfers","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unintended-consequences","display_name":"unintended consequences","score":0.5370000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/children-s-educational-outcomes","display_name":"children's educational outcomes","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grade-progression","display_name":"grade progression","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grade-retention","display_name":"school retention","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-dropout","display_name":"school dropout","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endogeneity","display_name":"endogeneity","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection-bias","display_name":"selection bias","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-differences","display_name":"gender differences","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-heterogeneity","display_name":"age heterogeneity","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brazil","display_name":"Brazil","score":0.4180000126361847}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C610760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1340706","display_name":"Endogeneity","level":2,"score":0.9465000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162144332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665305","display_name":"Instrumental variable","level":2,"score":0.7210999727249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776889888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1135789","display_name":"Unintended consequences","level":2,"score":0.6154000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.5835000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23131810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574","display_name":"Observational study","level":2,"score":0.5681999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40423286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284172","display_name":"Selection bias","level":2,"score":0.5569999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.43059998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.41280001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776141515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1274479","display_name":"Repetition (rhetorical device)","level":2,"score":0.40950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017496549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q780562","display_name":"School dropout","level":2,"score":0.3984000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17923572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7250160","display_name":"Propensity score matching","level":2,"score":0.38609999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779297142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276412","display_name":"Educational attainment","level":2,"score":0.38449999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198477413","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7647069","display_name":"Survey data collection","level":2,"score":0.3837999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25339462","display_name":"Dropout (neural networks)","level":2,"score":0.33340001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3328999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11671645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054567","display_name":"Causal model","level":2,"score":0.3138999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.3043000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.29440000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.29409998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.28859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.27410000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017614220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8434","display_name":"Formal education","level":2,"score":0.2565999925136566}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1108/ijse-05-2025-0495","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijse-05-2025-0495","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijse-05-2025-0495","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S49131624","display_name":"International Journal of Social Economics","issn_l":"0306-8293","issn":["0306-8293","1758-6712"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Social Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.9235000014305115,"display_name":"Quality education"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7578999996185303,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.46810001134872437,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.41670000553131104,"display_name":"No poverty"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5916122794151306,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1827167646","https://openalex.org/W1969139483","https://openalex.org/W1973487712","https://openalex.org/W2001155061","https://openalex.org/W2003032722","https://openalex.org/W2022256544","https://openalex.org/W2070063230","https://openalex.org/W2115571745","https://openalex.org/W2127065386","https://openalex.org/W2147188925","https://openalex.org/W2147270483","https://openalex.org/W2165144879","https://openalex.org/W2171820889","https://openalex.org/W2401180639","https://openalex.org/W2576357171","https://openalex.org/W2577227262","https://openalex.org/W2595110396","https://openalex.org/W3111579890","https://openalex.org/W3124259699","https://openalex.org/W3124532133","https://openalex.org/W3124658416","https://openalex.org/W3135168609","https://openalex.org/W3182419577","https://openalex.org/W3202837005","https://openalex.org/W4220894759","https://openalex.org/W4254878055","https://openalex.org/W4321600540","https://openalex.org/W4400721302","https://openalex.org/W4403386240","https://openalex.org/W4404785142","https://openalex.org/W4410302311"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose":[0],"This":[1],"study":[2,44,114],"aims":[3],"to":[4,104],"examine":[5],"the":[6,46],"impact":[7],"of":[8,49,118],"Brazil's":[9],"Bolsa":[10],"Fam\u00edlia":[11],"(BF)":[12],"program":[13,65],"on":[14,39,51,125],"children's":[15],"educational":[16,101,120],"outcomes,":[17],"addressing":[18],"concerns":[19],"about":[20],"endogeneity":[21,105],"and":[22,33,55,61,79,128],"selection":[23],"bias":[24],"in":[25],"prior":[26],"research.":[27],"Design/methodology/approach":[28],"Using":[29],"household":[30],"survey":[31],"data":[32],"an":[34],"instrumental":[35],"variables":[36],"strategy":[37],"based":[38],"administrative":[40,111],"eligibility":[41],"criteria,":[42],"this":[43,113],"estimates":[45,117],"causal":[47,116],"effect":[48],"BF":[50],"grade":[52,77,126],"progression,":[53,81],"repetition,":[54],"dropout,":[56],"with":[57,75],"heterogeneity":[58],"by":[59],"age":[60],"sex.":[62],"Findings":[63],"The":[64],"did":[66],"not":[67,135],"significantly":[68],"reduce":[69],"dropout":[70],"rates":[71],"but":[72],"was":[73],"associated":[74],"increased":[76],"repetition":[78,129],"decreased":[80],"particularly":[82],"among":[83],"younger":[84],"children.":[85],"Boys":[86],"experienced":[87],"more":[88],"negative":[89],"effects":[90,124],"than":[91],"girls.":[92],"Results":[93],"suggest":[94],"that":[95,130],"earlier":[96],"studies":[97,133],"may":[98],"have":[99],"overstated":[100],"gains":[102],"due":[103],"bias.":[106],"Originality/value":[107],"By":[108],"leveraging":[109],"quasi-random":[110],"variation,":[112],"provides":[115],"BF's":[119],"impacts,":[121],"revealing":[122],"unintended":[123],"progression":[127],"previous":[131],"observational":[132],"could":[134],"identify.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2026-02-24T00:00:00"}