{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131076216","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16042137","title":"Flow-Integrated Efficiency Assessment of Shared Bicycles and Its Influencing Factors: A Case Study of Beijing","display_name":"Flow-Integrated Efficiency Assessment of Shared Bicycles and Its Influencing Factors: A Case Study of Beijing","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131076216","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16042137"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app16042137","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16042137","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16042137","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16042137","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102300123","display_name":"Zhifang Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9135-8511","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9135-8511"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107055","display_name":"China Academy of Transportation Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/012f3dh63","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107055"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhifang Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Academy of Transportation Sciences , Beijing 100029 , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Academy of Transportation Sciences , Beijing 100029 , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107055"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123604872","display_name":"Yiqi Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiqi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Geographical Science , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Geographical Science , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024048388","display_name":"Shengyao Qin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengyao Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Geographical Science , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Geographical Science , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089459264","display_name":"Teqi Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5591-7041","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5591-7041"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Teqi Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Geographical Science , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5591-7041","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Geographical Science , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089459264"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.09772637,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"4","first_page":"2137","last_page":"2137"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.008799999952316284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12392","display_name":"Sharing Economy and Platforms","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dockless-bike-sharing","display_name":"dockless bike-sharing","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/idle-time","display_name":"idle time","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-heterogeneity","display_name":"spatial heterogeneity","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core-periphery-pattern","display_name":"core-periphery pattern","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-density","display_name":"population density","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/healthcare-facilities","display_name":"healthcare facilities","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shopping-facilities","display_name":"shopping facilities","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beijing","display_name":"Beijing","score":0.5019999742507935}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778304055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657474","display_name":"Beijing","level":3,"score":0.8956000208854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16320812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1812200","display_name":"Idle","level":2,"score":0.5145000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.5131999850273132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.5078999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4941999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776687071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5265193","display_name":"Destinations","level":3,"score":0.43650001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4180000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.39149999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.33959999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779819341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574060","display_name":"Spatial design","level":3,"score":0.314300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910321205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Geographically Weighted Regression","level":2,"score":0.30469998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2644999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994001137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1358919","display_name":"Bike sharing","level":2,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.2524999976158142}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/app16042137","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16042137","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16042137","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202601.1657.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202601.1657.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202601.1657.v1","pdf_url":"https://www.preprints.org/frontend/manuscript/0913db63f244c97ddea08e0fcdc70395/download_pub","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6309402219","display_name":"Preprints.org","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c30768dc8559431bba255dddd4b405ff","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c30768dc8559431bba255dddd4b405ff","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences, Vol 16, Iss 4, p 2137 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app16042137","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16042137","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16042137","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":1.0,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.7207000255584717,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.7785754203796387,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2047120335","https://openalex.org/W2068864504","https://openalex.org/W2087854787","https://openalex.org/W2144512297","https://openalex.org/W2208177462","https://openalex.org/W2790965045","https://openalex.org/W2795119452","https://openalex.org/W2796203944","https://openalex.org/W2797380693","https://openalex.org/W2883073525","https://openalex.org/W2901215701","https://openalex.org/W2917391494","https://openalex.org/W2936504517","https://openalex.org/W2944511142","https://openalex.org/W2946610930","https://openalex.org/W2948613401","https://openalex.org/W2963618363","https://openalex.org/W2975817524","https://openalex.org/W2979785481","https://openalex.org/W2999815819","https://openalex.org/W3011225402","https://openalex.org/W3016193691","https://openalex.org/W3080103378","https://openalex.org/W3087835615","https://openalex.org/W3096198001","https://openalex.org/W3123777455","https://openalex.org/W3127542254","https://openalex.org/W3151119715","https://openalex.org/W3151754474","https://openalex.org/W3195029382","https://openalex.org/W4281951657","https://openalex.org/W4283798088","https://openalex.org/W4309552377","https://openalex.org/W4310986905","https://openalex.org/W4311255551","https://openalex.org/W4319597946","https://openalex.org/W4385370539","https://openalex.org/W4386579248","https://openalex.org/W4392438701","https://openalex.org/W4392642666","https://openalex.org/W4392771893"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"dockless":[1],"bike-sharing":[2,141],"systems":[3],"rapidly":[4],"expanded,":[5],"this":[6,86],"study":[7],"aims":[8],"to":[9,35,88,106,126],"develop":[10],"a":[11,21,68],"flow-integrated":[12,69],"framework":[13],"for":[14,146],"assessing":[15],"bicycle":[16],"usage":[17],"efficiency,":[18],"which":[19],"addresses":[20],"critical":[22],"gap":[23],"in":[24],"conventional":[25],"static":[26],"indicators.":[27],"Existing":[28],"studies":[29],"rely":[30],"primarily":[31],"on":[32],"big":[33],"data":[34],"evaluate":[36],"location-specific":[37],"efficiency":[38,130,142],"using":[39],"Time-to-Booking":[40],"(ToB).":[41],"However,":[42],"ToB":[43,61,70],"ignores":[44],"network":[45],"flow":[46,105],"effects":[47],"while":[48,95],"bicycles":[49,104],"departing":[50],"from":[51],"the":[52,75,80,97,138],"same":[53],"location":[54],"may":[55],"reach":[56],"destinations":[57],"with":[58,108,131],"vastly":[59],"different":[60],"values.":[62],"To":[63],"overcome":[64],"this,":[65],"we":[66],"propose":[67],"(FwToB)":[71],"index":[72,87],"that":[73,102,116],"incorporates":[74],"idle":[76],"time":[77],"at":[78],"both":[79],"trip":[81],"origin":[82],"and":[83,124,143,148],"destination.":[84],"Applying":[85],"central":[89],"Beijing":[90],"reveals":[91],"significant":[92],"spatial":[93,133],"heterogeneity":[94],"maintaining":[96],"original":[98],"core-periphery":[99],"pattern,":[100],"indicating":[101],"most":[103],"areas":[107],"similar":[109],"efficiency.":[110],"Geographically":[111],"weighted":[112],"regression":[113],"further":[114],"shows":[115],"factors":[117],"like":[118],"population":[119],"density,":[120],"healthcare,":[121],"shopping":[122],"facilities,":[123],"distance":[125],"metro":[127],"stations":[128],"influence":[129],"substantial":[132],"non-stationarity.":[134],"These":[135],"findings":[136],"advance":[137],"understanding":[139],"of":[140],"offer":[144],"insights":[145],"operators":[147],"urban":[149],"planners.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-09T09:14:12.587421","created_date":"2026-02-24T00:00:00"}