{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7130536622","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icocics68032.2025.11384065","title":"Graph Neural Networks for Advanced Persistent Threat Detection","display_name":"Graph Neural Networks for Advanced Persistent Threat Detection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7130536622","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icocics68032.2025.11384065"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icocics68032.2025.11384065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icocics68032.2025.11384065","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icocics68032.2025.11384065","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407086197","display_name":"IEEE International Conference on Cryptography, Informatics, and Cybersecurity (ICoCICs)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Cryptography, Informatics, and Cybersecurity (ICoCICs)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117604548","display_name":"Srikanta Datta Tumkur","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94234084","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur","ror":"https://ror.org/05pjsgx75","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94234084"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Srikanta Datta Tumkur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur,Dept. of Computer Science,Dublin,CA,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur,Dept. of Computer Science,Dublin,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94234084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126411586","display_name":"Mahima Ganapati Pushpa","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135428043","display_name":"Cisco Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03yt1ez60","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135428043"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahima Ganapati Pushpa","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI Network Engineering, Cisco Systems,Dublin,CA,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI Network Engineering, Cisco Systems,Dublin,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135428043"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120678580","display_name":"Sanjay Babu Kurra","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanjay Babu Kurra","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI Engineering, Coupang Global, LLC,Seattle,WA,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI Engineering, Coupang Global, LLC,Seattle,WA,USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126437616","display_name":"Jayesh Yadav","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jayesh Yadav","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University,Dept. of Computer Science,East Lansing,MI,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University,Dept. of Computer Science,East Lansing,MI,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126381681","display_name":"Svwaroopananda Kashyap","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51504820","display_name":"San Jose State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qyvz380","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51504820"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Svwaroopananda Kashyap","raw_affiliation_strings":["San Jose State University,Dept. of Computer Software Engineering,San Jose,CA,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"San Jose State University,Dept. of Computer Software Engineering,San Jose,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51504820"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56489564,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"211","last_page":"217"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advanced-persistent-threats","display_name":"advanced persistent threats","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/apt-detection","display_name":"APT detection","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-neural-networks","display_name":"graph neural networks","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-anomaly-detection","display_name":"unsupervised anomaly detection","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zero-day-attacks","display_name":"zero-day attacks","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterogeneous-graphs","display_name":"heterogeneous graphs","score":0.5490000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporal-dependencies","display_name":"temporal dependencies","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explainable-security","display_name":"explainable security","score":0.6060000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-results","display_name":"false positives","score":0.367000013589859}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7439000010490417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6446999907493591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6035000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6018000245094299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30673951","display_name":"Labeled data","level":2,"score":0.5360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.49810001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4691999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.45649999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.41290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4081999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.385699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3666999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.35190001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.3278999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.32679998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88230418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131476","display_name":"Graph theory","level":2,"score":0.3061000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781170535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30587856","display_name":"Noisy data","level":2,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.2531000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987255567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33002955","display_name":"Knowledge graph","level":2,"score":0.2524000108242035}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icocics68032.2025.11384065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icocics68032.2025.11384065","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icocics68032.2025.11384065","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407086197","display_name":"IEEE International Conference on Cryptography, Informatics, and Cybersecurity (ICoCICs)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Cryptography, Informatics, and Cybersecurity (ICoCICs)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3005127313","https://openalex.org/W3092771185","https://openalex.org/W3153029966","https://openalex.org/W3184914355","https://openalex.org/W4295808856","https://openalex.org/W4296349030","https://openalex.org/W4310580320","https://openalex.org/W4321787264","https://openalex.org/W4360978672","https://openalex.org/W4372342980","https://openalex.org/W4376480418","https://openalex.org/W4385485597","https://openalex.org/W4392151675","https://openalex.org/W4392452874","https://openalex.org/W4395027976","https://openalex.org/W4396893677","https://openalex.org/W4398164414","https://openalex.org/W4400873141","https://openalex.org/W4400977089","https://openalex.org/W4402557739","https://openalex.org/W4403447427","https://openalex.org/W4410512918"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4416250484","https://openalex.org/W4410076829","https://openalex.org/W4415744723","https://openalex.org/W7204435512","https://openalex.org/W7109097309","https://openalex.org/W4388835106","https://openalex.org/W4406410275","https://openalex.org/W7164192034","https://openalex.org/W4408401935","https://openalex.org/W7155511203"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Advanced":[0],"Persistent":[1],"Threats":[2],"(APTs)":[3],"pose":[4],"critical":[5],"risks":[6],"to":[7,12,36,64],"infrastructure,":[8],"exploiting":[9],"legitimate":[10],"processes":[11],"evade":[13],"traditional":[14],"security":[15],"measures.":[16],"Existing":[17],"detection":[18,50,127,134],"methods,":[19],"reliant":[20],"on":[21,97,122],"supervised":[22],"learning":[23],"or":[24,40],"heuristics,":[25],"struggle":[26],"with":[27,110],"zero-day":[28],"threats,":[29],"high":[30],"false":[31],"positives,":[32],"and":[33,68,125,128],"the":[34,74,98,104],"inability":[35],"model":[37],"complex":[38],"relationships":[39,67],"provide":[41],"interpretable":[42],"insights.":[43],"This":[44],"study":[45],"presents":[46],"an":[47],"unsupervised":[48],"APT":[49,133],"framework":[51,105],"using":[52],"Graph":[53],"Neural":[54],"Networks":[55],"(GNNs),":[56],"modeling":[57],"network":[58],"data":[59,124],"as":[60],"dynamic,":[61],"heterogeneous":[62],"graphs":[63],"capture":[65],"intricate":[66],"temporal":[69],"dependencies.":[70],"The":[71],"approach":[72],"eliminates":[73],"need":[75],"for":[76],"labeled":[77,123],"data,":[78],"improving":[79,126],"robustness":[80],"against":[81],"novel":[82],"threats.":[83],"Regularization":[84],"enhances":[85],"generalization,":[86],"while":[87],"explainability":[88],"tools":[89],"offer":[90],"actionable":[91],"insights":[92],"into":[93],"detected":[94],"anomalies.":[95],"Evaluations":[96],"DARPA":[99],"TCE3":[100],"dataset":[101],"show":[102],"that":[103],"achieves":[106],"94":[107],"%":[108,113],"accuracy":[109],"a":[111],"5":[112],"false-positive":[114],"rate,":[115],"outperforming":[116],"state-of-the-art":[117],"methods.":[118],"By":[119],"reducing":[120],"dependence":[121],"interpretability,":[129],"this":[130],"research":[131],"advances":[132],"in":[135],"cybersecurity.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-02-20T00:00:00"}