{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7130516798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14020132","title":"Fault Diagnosis for IP-Based Networks Using Incremental Learning Algorithms and Data Stream Methods","display_name":"Fault Diagnosis for IP-Based Networks Using Incremental Learning Algorithms and Data Stream Methods","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7130516798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14020132"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/technologies14020132","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14020132","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14020132","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7080/14/2/132/pdf?version=1771491965","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738348041","display_name":"Technologies","issn_l":"2227-7080","issn":["2227-7080"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7080/14/2/132/pdf?version=1771491965","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075278686","display_name":"Angela M. Vargas-Arcila","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4313-5445","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4313-5445"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152650591","display_name":"University of Cauca","ror":"https://ror.org/04fybn584","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152650591"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Angela Mar\u00eda Vargas-Arcila","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Telematics Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering, Universidad del Cauca, Popay\u00e1n 190003, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4313-5445","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telematics Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering, Universidad del Cauca, Popay\u00e1n 190003, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152650591"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072866958","display_name":"Angela Rodriguez-Vivas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5329-4397","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5329-4397"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087970","display_name":"Corporaci\u00f3n Universitaria Comfacauca - Unicomfacauca","ror":"https://ror.org/007k0m436","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087970"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angela Rodr\u00edguez-Vivas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Corporaci\u00f3n Universitaria Comfacauca\u2014Unicomfacauca, Popay\u00e1n 190003, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Corporaci\u00f3n Universitaria Comfacauca\u2014Unicomfacauca, Popay\u00e1n 190003, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087970"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084306663","display_name":"Juan Carlos Corrales","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5608-9097","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5608-9097"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152650591","display_name":"University of Cauca","ror":"https://ror.org/04fybn584","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152650591"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan Carlos Corrales","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Telematics Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering, Universidad del Cauca, Popay\u00e1n 190003, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5608-9097","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telematics Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering, Universidad del Cauca, Popay\u00e1n 190003, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152650591"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075840120","display_name":"Araceli Sanchis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1429-4092","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1429-4092"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50357001","display_name":"Universidad Carlos III de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03ths8210","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50357001"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Araceli Sanchis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Legan\u00e9s, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1429-4092","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Legan\u00e9s, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50357001"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035101584","display_name":"\u00c1lvaro Rend\u00f3n Gall\u00f3n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2935-7316","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2935-7316"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152650591","display_name":"University of Cauca","ror":"https://ror.org/04fybn584","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152650591"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u00c1lvaro Rend\u00f3n Gall\u00f3n","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Telematics Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering, Universidad del Cauca, Popay\u00e1n 190003, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2935-7316","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telematics Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering, Universidad del Cauca, Popay\u00e1n 190003, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152650591"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075278686"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152650591"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1930},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1930},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.10850229,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"2","first_page":"132","last_page":"132"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":0.47850000858306885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":0.47850000858306885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.31150001287460327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.07150000333786011,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-fault-diagnosis","display_name":"network fault diagnosis","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ip-based-networks","display_name":"IP-based networks","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incremental-learning","display_name":"incremental learning","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/e-learning","display_name":"online learning","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-stream-learning","display_name":"data stream learning","score":0.6240000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drift-detection","display_name":"drift detection","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-windowing","display_name":"adaptive windowing","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smote","display_name":"SMOTE","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class-imbalance","display_name":"class imbalance","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-fault-detection","display_name":"real-time fault detection","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-invasive-monitoring","display_name":"non-invasive monitoring","score":0.8550000190734863}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7093999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778712577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505966","display_name":"Retraining","level":2,"score":0.6155999898910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5756999850273132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5382000207901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5012000203132629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4722000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778484313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172540","display_name":"Data stream","level":2,"score":0.4474000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.44179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780735816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28324931","display_name":"Incremental learning","level":2,"score":0.43799999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.41499999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77967617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677561","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.3982999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89198739","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3079880","display_name":"Data stream mining","level":2,"score":0.397599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094097","display_name":"Online machine learning","level":3,"score":0.3492000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113644684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1356717","display_name":"Statistical process control","level":3,"score":0.3248000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81877898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1965787","display_name":"Network monitoring","level":2,"score":0.32350000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.3199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60777511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045002","display_name":"Concept drift","level":3,"score":0.3174999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155386361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1649571","display_name":"Process control","level":3,"score":0.30979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125014702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680749","display_name":"Adaptive learning","level":2,"score":0.28529998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108074857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3067360","display_name":"Fault management","level":3,"score":0.28110000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2709999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174998907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357662","display_name":"Work in process","level":2,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780440489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227278","display_name":"Data-driven","level":2,"score":0.25679999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163985040","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172399","display_name":"Data acquisition","level":2,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/technologies14020132","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14020132","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14020132","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7080/14/2/132/pdf?version=1771491965","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738348041","display_name":"Technologies","issn_l":"2227-7080","issn":["2227-7080"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f7c61439c3cd4d97a0c5fa608238b367","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f7c61439c3cd4d97a0c5fa608238b367","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Technologies, Vol 14, Iss 2, p 132 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/technologies14020132","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14020132","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14020132","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7080/14/2/132/pdf?version=1771491965","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738348041","display_name":"Technologies","issn_l":"2227-7080","issn":["2227-7080"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5874396204","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TRA2016-78886-C3-1-R","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323770","funder_display_name":"Universidad Carlos III de Madrid"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323364","display_name":"Universidad del Cauca","ror":"https://ror.org/04fybn584"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323770","display_name":"Universidad Carlos III de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03ths8210"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7130516798.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7130516798.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1039949627","https://openalex.org/W1953843329","https://openalex.org/W1992019053","https://openalex.org/W2000454347","https://openalex.org/W2009727399","https://openalex.org/W2010657328","https://openalex.org/W2051563421","https://openalex.org/W2058090194","https://openalex.org/W2071765440","https://openalex.org/W2094047042","https://openalex.org/W2097178527","https://openalex.org/W2142623206","https://openalex.org/W2143991132","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2151225423","https://openalex.org/W2160512933","https://openalex.org/W2406552012","https://openalex.org/W2475730566","https://openalex.org/W2556012038","https://openalex.org/W2577513693","https://openalex.org/W2585508806","https://openalex.org/W2626498001","https://openalex.org/W2727263426","https://openalex.org/W2795903893","https://openalex.org/W2801183640","https://openalex.org/W2885144342","https://openalex.org/W2975256032","https://openalex.org/W2976565358","https://openalex.org/W3008292207","https://openalex.org/W3125459726","https://openalex.org/W3132663788","https://openalex.org/W3152395725","https://openalex.org/W3160434771","https://openalex.org/W4210555044","https://openalex.org/W4241452721","https://openalex.org/W4243367342","https://openalex.org/W4247140241","https://openalex.org/W4256631603","https://openalex.org/W4287881915","https://openalex.org/W4300773606","https://openalex.org/W4321486710","https://openalex.org/W4394829467","https://openalex.org/W4402593893"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Network":[0],"fault":[1,122,194],"diagnosis":[2,123],"has":[3],"evolved":[4],"in":[5,106,124,135,197],"response":[6],"to":[7,23,76,103,132,138],"the":[8,47,68,88,158,168,189],"needs":[9],"of":[10,52,70,160,211],"modern":[11],"networks,":[12],"transitioning":[13],"from":[14],"traditional":[15],"methods,":[16],"such":[17,41,86,151,176],"as":[18,42,87,152,177],"passive":[19],"and":[20,34,46,72,94,148,154,181],"active":[21],"monitoring,":[22],"advanced":[24],"learning":[25,82,118,131],"techniques.":[26],"While":[27],"conventional":[28],"methods":[29,56,83],"often":[30],"introduce":[31],"invasive":[32],"traffic":[33],"control":[35],"overhead,":[36],"newer":[37],"approaches":[38],"face":[39,84],"challenges":[40],"increased":[43],"internal":[44,226],"processes":[45,196],"need":[48,89],"for":[49,90,120,191],"extensive":[50,91],"knowledge":[51],"network":[53,65,139,199,221,227],"behavior.":[54],"Learning-based":[55],"offer":[57],"an":[58,116],"advantage":[59],"by":[60,114],"not":[61,219],"requiring":[62],"a":[63,202],"complete":[64],"model,":[66],"allowing":[67],"use":[69],"statistical":[71],"Machine":[73],"Learning":[74],"techniques":[75],"process":[77,133,204],"historical":[78],"data.":[79],"However,":[80],"existing":[81],"limitations,":[85],"data":[92,143,216],"samples":[93],"extended":[95],"retraining":[96],"periods,":[97],"which":[98],"can":[99,205],"leave":[100],"systems":[101],"vulnerable":[102],"failures,":[104],"particularly":[105],"dynamic":[107,198],"environments.":[108,200],"This":[109],"work":[110],"addresses":[111],"these":[112],"issues":[113],"proposing":[115],"incremental":[117,165],"approach":[119,128],"continuous":[121],"IP-based":[125],"networks.":[126],"The":[127,171],"utilizes":[129],"online":[130],"symptoms":[134],"real-time,":[136],"adapting":[137],"changes":[140],"while":[141],"managing":[142],"imbalance":[144],"through":[145,208],"drift":[146],"detection":[147,195],"rebalancing":[149],"strategies,":[150],"ADWIN":[153],"SMOTE.":[155],"We":[156],"evaluated":[157],"performance":[159,185],"this":[161],"method":[162],"using":[163,174],"25":[164],"algorithms":[166],"on":[167],"SOFI":[169],"dataset.":[170],"results,":[172],"assessed":[173],"metrics":[175],"recall,":[178],"G-mean,":[179],"kappa,":[180],"MCC,":[182],"demonstrated":[183],"high":[184],"over":[186],"time,":[187],"indicating":[188],"potential":[190],"resilient,":[192],"adaptive":[193],"Additionally,":[201],"non-invasive":[203],"be":[206],"ensured":[207],"peripheral":[209],"observation":[210],"failure":[212],"symptoms,":[213],"provided":[214],"that":[215],"collection":[217],"does":[218],"increase":[220],"traffic,":[222],"overhead":[223],"control,":[224],"or":[225],"processes.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-22T07:34:49.880490","created_date":"2026-02-19T00:00:00"}