{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7130516355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.efmat.2025.12.005","title":"Nature-inspired synthesis of Cu/Ag/Ru trimetallic nanoparticles using Nyctanthes arbor-tristis extract: Investigating their potential as antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, and photocatalytic agents","display_name":"Nature-inspired synthesis of Cu/Ag/Ru trimetallic nanoparticles using Nyctanthes arbor-tristis extract: Investigating their potential as antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, and photocatalytic agents","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7130516355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.efmat.2025.12.005"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.efmat.2025.12.005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.efmat.2025.12.005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.efmat.2025.12.005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387280616","display_name":"Environmental Functional Materials","issn_l":"2773-0581","issn":["2773-0581"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Functional Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.efmat.2025.12.005","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115763082","display_name":"Rathika Radhakrishnan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3040-0593","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3040-0593"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197081775","display_name":"Annamalai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01x24z140","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197081775"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rathika Radhakrishnan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University9/34, Mariyamman Koil Street, Ceeyapadi, Bhuvanagiri, Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3040-0593","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University9/34, Mariyamman Koil Street, Ceeyapadi, Bhuvanagiri, Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197081775"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126376576","display_name":"Srinivasan Subramanium","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197081775","display_name":"Annamalai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01x24z140","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197081775"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Srinivasan Subramanium","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, Annamalai UniversityS/o Subramanian, otha street, keelakudieruppu-post, jayankondam-via"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, Annamalai UniversityS/o Subramanian, otha street, keelakudieruppu-post, jayankondam-via","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197081775"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5126376576"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197081775"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1000},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1000},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06903268,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10079","display_name":"Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10079","display_name":"Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10131","display_name":"Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis and Applications","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12240","display_name":"Nanomaterials for catalytic reactions","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1605","display_name":"Organic Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nyctanthes-arbor-tristis","display_name":"Nyctanthes arbor-tristis","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/green-synthesis","display_name":"green synthesis","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antibacterial-activity","display_name":"antibacterial activity","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anticancer-activity","display_name":"anticancer activity","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antioxidant-activity","display_name":"antioxidant activity","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photocatalytic-degradation","display_name":"photocatalytic degradation","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/methylene-blue","display_name":"methylene blue","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plant-extracts","display_name":"plant extracts","score":0.39500001072883606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65165184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218831","display_name":"Photocatalysis","level":3,"score":0.9021999835968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779191827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422134","display_name":"Methylene blue","level":4,"score":0.7980999946594238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155672457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61231","display_name":"Nanoparticle","level":2,"score":0.7626000046730042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175708663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899559","display_name":"X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.7202000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13965031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243545","display_name":"Nuclear chemistry","level":1,"score":0.7161999940872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.6740999817848206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195475562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1639139","display_name":"Phytochemical","level":2,"score":0.46650001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780104969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4774530","display_name":"Antibacterial activity","level":3,"score":0.4641000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780841128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5073781","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.35580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778004101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133948","display_name":"Antioxidant","level":2,"score":0.35370001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104663316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76299","display_name":"Visible spectrum","level":2,"score":0.34380000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781401929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5205953","display_name":"DPPH","level":3,"score":0.34310001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75473681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188651","display_name":"Photochemistry","level":1,"score":0.33230000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.3174999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21951064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899212","display_name":"Combinatorial chemistry","level":1,"score":0.3068999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32891209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483666","display_name":"Spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.3043999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15083742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q261659","display_name":"Nanomedicine","level":3,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2766999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777454769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11172462","display_name":"Methylene","level":2,"score":0.2728999853134155}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.efmat.2025.12.005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.efmat.2025.12.005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.efmat.2025.12.005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387280616","display_name":"Environmental Functional Materials","issn_l":"2773-0581","issn":["2773-0581"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Functional Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.5399092","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5399092","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5399092","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.efmat.2025.12.005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.efmat.2025.12.005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.efmat.2025.12.005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387280616","display_name":"Environmental Functional Materials","issn_l":"2773-0581","issn":["2773-0581"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Functional Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W134138663","https://openalex.org/W634160248","https://openalex.org/W1645147098","https://openalex.org/W1991115943","https://openalex.org/W2010616276","https://openalex.org/W2035279182","https://openalex.org/W2043169771","https://openalex.org/W2070938379","https://openalex.org/W2082925281","https://openalex.org/W2114918609","https://openalex.org/W2154545772","https://openalex.org/W2161827939","https://openalex.org/W2333206194","https://openalex.org/W2557296021","https://openalex.org/W2887865837","https://openalex.org/W2904870538","https://openalex.org/W2917535482","https://openalex.org/W2988539869","https://openalex.org/W3077026433","https://openalex.org/W3135624299","https://openalex.org/W3215833508","https://openalex.org/W4281679590","https://openalex.org/W4389077959","https://openalex.org/W4390144215","https://openalex.org/W4390839894","https://openalex.org/W4401626556","https://openalex.org/W4407750109","https://openalex.org/W4408128641","https://openalex.org/W4409680689","https://openalex.org/W4411014688"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,199],"this":[1,200],"investigation,":[2],"we":[3],"sought":[4],"to":[5,57,101,127,211],"develop":[6],"Cu/Ag/Ru":[7,252],"trimetallic":[8],"nanoparticles":[9,92,204,218,234,244,262,271,289,306,314],"(TNPs)":[10],"utilizing":[11],"leaf":[12],"extracts":[13],"from":[14,55,99],"the":[15,32,37,65,68,71,76,84,90,121,125,135,143,170,175,182,202,209,212],"Nyctanthes":[16],"arbor-tristis":[17],"plant,":[18],"known":[19],"for":[20,31],"its":[21],"anti-inflammatory,":[22],"antioxidant,":[23],"and":[24,34,48,70,86,116,131,151,266,285,293,299,309,318],"therapeutic":[25],"properties.":[26],"We":[27,119],"employed":[28],"various":[29,281],"techniques":[30,225],"synthesis":[33],"characterization":[35,224],"of":[36,110,124,142,164,214,232,251],"TNPs,":[38],"which":[39],"included":[40],"UV-vis":[41],"spectroscopy,":[42],"FT-IR,":[43],"SEM,":[44,111],"EDAX,":[45],"XRD,":[46,112],"AFM,":[47,113],"TGA.":[49],"The":[50,78,139,229,255,270],"UV-visible":[51],"spectra":[52],"were":[53,219,258],"obtained":[54,206],"200":[56],"400":[58],"nm,":[59,130],"while":[60],"FT-IR":[61],"spectroscopy":[62],"helped":[63],"confirm":[64],"interactions":[66],"between":[67,83],"metals":[69],"phytochemical":[72],"compounds":[73],"present":[74],"in":[75,191,315],"plant.":[77],"nanoparticles'":[79],"morphology":[80],"exhibited":[81],"differences":[82],"Ag":[85],"Cu":[87],"components,":[88],"with":[89,169],"Ru":[91],"showcasing":[93],"a":[94,108,162,192],"distinct":[95],"hexagonal":[96],"shape,":[97],"ranging":[98],"30":[100],"50":[102,179],"nm.":[103],"This":[104],"was":[105,145],"supported":[106],"by":[107,207,221],"combination":[109],"XPS,":[114],"TEM,":[115],"DLS":[117],"analyses.":[118],"determined":[120],"average":[122],"size":[123],"TNPs":[126,144,183],"be":[128],"45":[129],"XPS":[132],"analysis":[133],"confirmed":[134],"binding":[136],"energy":[137],"values.":[138],"antibacterial":[140,256,292],"effectiveness":[141],"significant":[146],"against":[147,158,188,235,263,276,296],"multiple":[148],"bacterial":[149,268,297],"strains,":[150],"they":[152],"also":[153],"showed":[154],"notable":[155],"anticancer":[156,274,294],"activity":[157,172,187],"MCF":[159],"cells":[160,279,302],"at":[161,239,280],"concentration":[163],"680.05":[165],"\u00b1":[166],"0.5":[167],"\u03bcg/mL,":[168],"antioxidant":[171],"measured":[173],"using":[174,222,261],"DPPH":[176],"assay":[177],"(IC":[178],"=100\u03bcg/mL).":[180],"Furthermore,":[181],"demonstrated":[184],"excellent":[185,273,291],"photocatalytic":[186,230,247],"methylene":[189],"blue":[190],"photoreactor.":[193],"\u2022":[194,226,249,283],"Biosynthesis":[195],"ofCu/Ag/Ru":[196],"Trimetallic":[197,233,253],"nanoparticles:":[198,254],"process,":[201],"phytosynthesizedtrimetallic":[203],"are":[205,307],"adding":[208],"precursor":[210],"extract":[213],"Nyctanthesarbor-tristis.":[215],"Further,":[216],"these":[217,243],"identified":[220],"different":[223,240],"Photocatalytic":[227],"degradation:":[228],"degradation":[231],"Methylene":[236],"Blue":[237],"dye":[238],"time":[241],"intervals,":[242],"exhibit":[245],"unique":[246],"activity.":[248],"Applications":[250],"activities":[257,275,295],"carried":[259],"out":[260],"both":[264],"Gram-positive":[265],"Gram-negative":[267],"strains.":[269],"show":[272,290],"breast":[277,300],"cancer":[278,301],"concentrations.":[282],"Conclusion":[284],"future":[286],"perspectives:":[287],"These":[288],"strains":[298],"respectively.":[303],"Moreover,":[304],"Polymetallic":[305],"reactive":[308],"more":[310],"efficient":[311],"than":[312],"individual":[313],"drug":[316],"delivery":[317],"semiconductor":[319],"industry.":[320]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2026-02-19T00:00:00"}