{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7129509929","doi":"https://doi.org/10.69953/nurs.v10i4.648","title":"LEGAL PERSONHOOD BEYOND THE ELECTRONIC PERSON DEBATE: A FUNCTIONAL APPROACH TO AI SUBJECTHOOD","display_name":"LEGAL PERSONHOOD BEYOND THE ELECTRONIC PERSON DEBATE: A FUNCTIONAL APPROACH TO AI SUBJECTHOOD","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7129509929","doi":"https://doi.org/10.69953/nurs.v10i4.648"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.69953/nurs.v10i4.648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.69953/nurs.v10i4.648","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.69953/nurs.v10i4.648","pdf_url":"https://journals.nujs.edu/index.php/njrs/article/download/648/504","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404674787","display_name":"NUJS journal of regulatory studies.","issn_l":"2456-4605","issn":["2456-4605"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I3129450392","host_organization_name":"West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3129450392"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NUJS Journal of Regulatory Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://journals.nujs.edu/index.php/njrs/article/download/648/504","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051648564","display_name":"Sudhakar Yadav","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9693-1130","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9693-1130","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8793-0927","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4981-8471","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6877-0821","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6411-2384"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110166357","display_name":"University of Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/04gzb2213","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110166357"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dr. Suman Yadav","raw_affiliation_strings":["Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law, Delhi University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4981-8471","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law, Delhi University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110166357"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126269650","display_name":"Nabila Zehra","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799736751","display_name":"Indian Law Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02bbvzp74","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799736751"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nabila Zehra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Scholar, Indian Law Institute, New Delhi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Scholar, Indian Law Institute, New Delhi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799736751"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.0503,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94104131,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"4","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14036","display_name":"Literary and Philosophical Studies","score":0.9193999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14036","display_name":"Literary and Philosophical Studies","score":0.9193999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.07729999721050262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-personality","display_name":"legal personality","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-liability","display_name":"AI liability","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bundle-theory","display_name":"bundle theory","score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-personhood","display_name":"corporate personhood","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-insurance","display_name":"AI insurance","score":0.3869999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/whanganui-river","display_name":"Whanganui River","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-personhood-of-nature","display_name":"legal personhood of nature","score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-regulation","display_name":"AI regulation","score":0.7720000147819519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548836952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7170675","display_name":"Personhood","level":2,"score":0.9322999715805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777834853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96776939","display_name":"Liability","level":2,"score":0.670199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136815107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154242","display_name":"Nothing","level":2,"score":0.6305000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.5611000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5569000244140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.5238000154495239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.511900007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.5076000094413757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777131603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5508796","display_name":"Functional approach","level":2,"score":0.4968999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.44609999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.3725000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86511162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8799101","display_name":"Property rights","level":2,"score":0.3321000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780070776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3778211","display_name":"Legal person","level":2,"score":0.33160001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3160000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.31520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.30329999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141570072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q568338","display_name":"Limited liability","level":2,"score":0.29829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71043370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4932206","display_name":"Jurisprudence","level":2,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.29109999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25253098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2609670","display_name":"Corporate law","level":3,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2531000077724457}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.69953/nurs.v10i4.648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.69953/nurs.v10i4.648","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.69953/nurs.v10i4.648","pdf_url":"https://journals.nujs.edu/index.php/njrs/article/download/648/504","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404674787","display_name":"NUJS journal of regulatory studies.","issn_l":"2456-4605","issn":["2456-4605"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I3129450392","host_organization_name":"West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3129450392"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NUJS Journal of Regulatory Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.journals.nujs.edu:article/648","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.nujs.edu/index.php/njrs/article/view/648","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404674787","display_name":"NUJS journal of regulatory studies.","issn_l":"2456-4605","issn":["2456-4605"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I3129450392","host_organization_name":"West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3129450392"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"10.69953/nurs.v10i4","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.69953/nurs.v10i4.648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.69953/nurs.v10i4.648","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.69953/nurs.v10i4.648","pdf_url":"https://journals.nujs.edu/index.php/njrs/article/download/648/504","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404674787","display_name":"NUJS journal of regulatory studies.","issn_l":"2456-4605","issn":["2456-4605"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I3129450392","host_organization_name":"West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3129450392"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NUJS Journal of Regulatory Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6601999998092651,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7129509929.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7129509929.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7117312324","https://openalex.org/W7167680221","https://openalex.org/W4408868412","https://openalex.org/W4415611798","https://openalex.org/W7077482652","https://openalex.org/W7218317242","https://openalex.org/W3199252265","https://openalex.org/W7197616640","https://openalex.org/W7165014610","https://openalex.org/W7160873009"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Debates":[0],"on":[1,55],"whether":[2],"artificial":[3],"intelligence":[4],"(hereafter,":[5],"AI)":[6],"should":[7],"be":[8],"recognized":[9],"as":[10,35,66,75,122],"a":[11,18,67,95,100,156],"\u2018legal":[12],"person\u2019":[13],"often":[14],"force":[15],"regulators":[16],"into":[17],"false":[19],"binary":[20],"choice,":[21],"i.e.,":[22],"either":[23],"grant":[24,142],"AI":[25,90,143],"full":[26,144],"human-like":[27],"status":[28],"(which":[29,38],"risks":[30],"absurdity)":[31],"or":[32,48],"treat":[33],"it":[34],"mere":[36],"property":[37,83],"creates":[39],"liability":[40,158],"gaps).":[41],"This":[42],"article":[43,136],"argues":[44],"that":[45,138,160],"this":[46,113],"all":[47],"nothing":[49],"approach":[50],"stalls":[51],"necessary":[52,68],"regulation.":[53],"Drawing":[54],"Visa":[56],"Kurki\u2019s":[57],"\u2018Bundle":[58],"Theory,\u2019":[59],"the":[60,63,116,123],"authors":[61],"propose":[62],"\u2018Legal":[64],"Platform\u2019":[65],"evolutionary":[69],"step":[70],"toward":[71],"potential":[72],"personhood.":[73],"Just":[74],"corporate":[76],"personhood":[77,91],"evolved":[78],"over":[79],"centuries":[80],"from":[81],"simple":[82],"holding":[84],"bodies":[85],"to":[86,168],"rights":[87],"bearing":[88],"entities,":[89],"must":[92,148],"begin":[93],"with":[94],"functional":[96],"\u2018platform\u2019,":[97],"which":[98,154],"is":[99],"distinct":[101],"legal":[102,152],"structure":[103],"bundling":[104],"mandatory":[105,157],"insurance,":[106],"registration,":[107],"and":[108,126,164],"guardianship.":[109],"We":[110],"stress":[111],"test":[112],"model":[114],"against":[115],"failures":[117],"of":[118],"\u2018performative":[119],"personhood\u2019":[120],"(such":[121],"robot":[124],"Sophia)":[125],"successful":[127],"non-human":[128],"frameworks":[129],"(like":[130],"New":[131],"Zealand\u2019s":[132],"Whanganui":[133],"River).":[134],"The":[135],"concludes":[137],"before":[139],"we":[140,147],"can":[141],"moral":[145],"personhood,":[146],"first":[149],"build":[150],"its":[151],"skeleton,":[153],"is,":[155],"platform":[159],"ensures":[161],"safety,":[162],"solvency,":[163],"accountability":[165],"without":[166],"committing":[167],"immediate":[169],"human-level":[170],"rights.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-02-18T00:00:00"}