{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7129447408","doi":"https://doi.org/10.38035/jlph.v6i2.3036","title":"Proportionality in Mandatory Green Building Certification: A Legal-Economic Analysis","display_name":"Proportionality in Mandatory Green Building Certification: A Legal-Economic Analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7129447408","doi":"https://doi.org/10.38035/jlph.v6i2.3036"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.38035/jlph.v6i2.3036","doi":"https://doi.org/10.38035/jlph.v6i2.3036","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.38035/jlph.v6i2.3036","pdf_url":"https://dinastires.org/JLPH/article/download/3036/2101","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387289356","display_name":"Journal of Law Politic and Humanities","issn_l":"2747-1985","issn":["2747-1985","2962-2816"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://dinastires.org/JLPH/article/download/3036/2101","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126207824","display_name":"Sutikno .","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106064","display_name":"Universitas Pekalongan","ror":"https://ror.org/00yydfg09","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106064"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sutikno .","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Pekalongan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Pekalongan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106064"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126235542","display_name":"M. Agung Wibowo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106064","display_name":"Universitas Pekalongan","ror":"https://ror.org/00yydfg09","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106064"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Agung Wibowo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Pekalongan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Pekalongan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106064"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060603065","display_name":"Achmad Soeharto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2451-890X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2451-890X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106064","display_name":"Universitas Pekalongan","ror":"https://ror.org/00yydfg09","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106064"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Achmad Soeharto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Pekalongan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Pekalongan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106064"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106064"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"2","first_page":"1241","last_page":"1253"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14291","display_name":"Indonesian Legal and Regulatory Studies","score":0.7465999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14291","display_name":"Indonesian Legal and Regulatory Studies","score":0.7465999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11876","display_name":"Legal Studies and Policies","score":0.15530000627040863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11988","display_name":"Sustainable Building Design and Assessment","score":0.01720000058412552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proportionality","display_name":"proportionality","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-regulation","display_name":"environmental regulation","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construction-industry","display_name":"construction industry","score":0.46799999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainable-development","display_name":"sustainable development","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-certainty","display_name":"legal certainty","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributive-justice","display_name":"distributive justice","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compliance-costs","display_name":"compliance costs","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-and-medium-sized-enterprises","display_name":"small and medium-sized enterprises","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indonesia","display_name":"Indonesia","score":0.42500001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/least-restrictive-means","display_name":"least restrictive means","score":0.5370000004768372}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46304622","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374814","display_name":"Certification","level":2,"score":0.6923999786376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183763965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q603959","display_name":"Proportionality (law)","level":2,"score":0.5910999774932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158129432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7766927","display_name":"Statutory law","level":2,"score":0.5224000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.4586000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.453900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779029474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49094488","display_name":"Legal certainty","level":2,"score":0.41620001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128069549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q328798","display_name":"Environmental law","level":2,"score":0.4074999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.39989998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.3977000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.37369999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109986646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546113","display_name":"Public policy","level":2,"score":0.36899998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.35569998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44725695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156","display_name":"Normative","level":2,"score":0.3499999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.3495999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146847282","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466938","display_name":"Subsidiarity","level":3,"score":0.34130001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552854447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131201","display_name":"Sustainable development","level":2,"score":0.32519999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780611403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1249224","display_name":"Green paper","level":3,"score":0.31940001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777834853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96776939","display_name":"Liability","level":2,"score":0.31119999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86532276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184065","display_name":"Delegation","level":2,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48764862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898871","display_name":"Judicial review","level":2,"score":0.29829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776949292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471855","display_name":"Jurisdiction","level":2,"score":0.2971999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777451423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629962","display_name":"Arbitrariness","level":2,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777976496","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541936","display_name":"Public participation","level":2,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.2773999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122251271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q940039","display_name":"Ex-ante","level":2,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778447849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2648051","display_name":"Obligation","level":2,"score":0.2685999870300293}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.38035/jlph.v6i2.3036","doi":"https://doi.org/10.38035/jlph.v6i2.3036","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.38035/jlph.v6i2.3036","pdf_url":"https://dinastires.org/JLPH/article/download/3036/2101","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387289356","display_name":"Journal of Law Politic and Humanities","issn_l":"2747-1985","issn":["2747-1985","2962-2816"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.38035/jlph.v6i2.3036","doi":"https://doi.org/10.38035/jlph.v6i2.3036","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.38035/jlph.v6i2.3036","pdf_url":"https://dinastires.org/JLPH/article/download/3036/2101","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387289356","display_name":"Journal of Law Politic and Humanities","issn_l":"2747-1985","issn":["2747-1985","2962-2816"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.5142999887466431},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.4399999976158142}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7129447408.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7129447408.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2111893764","https://openalex.org/W2207352496","https://openalex.org/W2563356001","https://openalex.org/W2589895806","https://openalex.org/W2741356830","https://openalex.org/W2804200464","https://openalex.org/W2806560107","https://openalex.org/W2906352331","https://openalex.org/W2940429098","https://openalex.org/W2950902108","https://openalex.org/W2978669803","https://openalex.org/W2985571045","https://openalex.org/W2988410554","https://openalex.org/W2996422412","https://openalex.org/W3000606332","https://openalex.org/W3021202449","https://openalex.org/W3037174678","https://openalex.org/W3087828625","https://openalex.org/W3088238096","https://openalex.org/W3090607509","https://openalex.org/W3134723435","https://openalex.org/W3138772720","https://openalex.org/W3169197578","https://openalex.org/W3169554469","https://openalex.org/W3190697347","https://openalex.org/W3205936121","https://openalex.org/W4212763927","https://openalex.org/W4214599116","https://openalex.org/W4281823700","https://openalex.org/W4291377602","https://openalex.org/W4294783272","https://openalex.org/W4296046369","https://openalex.org/W4304127961","https://openalex.org/W4306737220","https://openalex.org/W4311428858","https://openalex.org/W4312192204","https://openalex.org/W4312339923","https://openalex.org/W4353101403","https://openalex.org/W4367676313","https://openalex.org/W4367693877","https://openalex.org/W4368405259","https://openalex.org/W4378834651","https://openalex.org/W4387716589","https://openalex.org/W4387716663","https://openalex.org/W4388411653","https://openalex.org/W4390973298","https://openalex.org/W4391169971","https://openalex.org/W4391478857","https://openalex.org/W4391822526","https://openalex.org/W4395014239","https://openalex.org/W4399006965","https://openalex.org/W4399391294","https://openalex.org/W4400011287","https://openalex.org/W4400075984","https://openalex.org/W4402080914","https://openalex.org/W4402486085","https://openalex.org/W4404554502","https://openalex.org/W4406610029","https://openalex.org/W4407729727","https://openalex.org/W4407753883","https://openalex.org/W4410164920","https://openalex.org/W4410961312","https://openalex.org/W4411667004","https://openalex.org/W4411722355","https://openalex.org/W4413682928","https://openalex.org/W4415032802","https://openalex.org/W4415732044","https://openalex.org/W4417433537"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2947173640","https://openalex.org/W4293824954","https://openalex.org/W4253274523","https://openalex.org/W4399391294","https://openalex.org/W4319779426","https://openalex.org/W3172741961","https://openalex.org/W7207773384","https://openalex.org/W2613679699","https://openalex.org/W4413902775","https://openalex.org/W7148317659"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,100,127,227],"Mandatory":[1],"green":[2,132,237],"building":[3,133,238],"certification":[4,49,91,134,177,239],"has":[5],"emerged":[6],"as":[7,255,263],"a":[8,31,68,111,137,185,193,246,256],"central":[9],"policy":[10,79,98,188],"tool":[11],"to":[12,59],"advance":[13],"sustainable":[14,144],"development":[15],"and":[16,55,86,89,96,110,123,143,154,176,181,205,269],"reduce":[17],"the":[18,22,60,71,116,187,190,201,208,216,241],"environmental":[19,141,225,251],"impacts":[20],"of":[21,118,192,203,223,236,243,258,266],"construction":[23],"sector,":[24],"yet":[25],"in":[26,57,207,231,272],"Indonesia,":[27],"it":[28,62,212],"operates":[29],"within":[30],"hybrid":[32],"regulatory":[33],"framework":[34,248],"that":[35,130,249],"combines":[36],"statutory":[37,163],"rules":[38],"with":[39,77],"non-state":[40,159],"technical":[41],"standards.":[42],"This":[43],"study":[44],"examines":[45],"whether":[46],"such":[47],"mandatory":[48,131],"is":[50,102,213],"legally":[51],"sound,":[52],"economically":[53],"rational,":[54],"proportionate":[56],"relation":[58],"burdens":[61],"imposes":[63],"on":[64,115,158],"regulated":[65],"actors.":[66],"Using":[67],"juridical\u2013economic":[69],"approach,":[70],"research":[72],"integrates":[73],"doctrinal":[74],"legal":[75,106,152,259],"analysis":[76,101],"public":[78,139,273],"economics":[80],"by":[81],"examining":[82],"national":[83],"statutes,":[84],"ministerial":[85],"regional":[87],"regulations,":[88],"private":[90],"standards,":[92],"alongside":[93],"academic":[94],"literature":[95],"international":[97],"reports.":[99],"conducted":[103],"qualitatively":[104],"through":[105,240],"interpretation,":[107],"cost\u2013benefit":[108],"reasoning,":[109],"proportionality":[112,124,206],"test":[113],"based":[114],"criteria":[117],"legitimate":[119,138,194],"aim,":[120],"suitability,":[121],"necessity,":[122],"stricto":[125],"sensu.":[126],"findings":[128],"show":[129],"clearly":[135],"pursues":[136],"objective,":[140],"protection":[142],"development,":[145],"but":[146,196,261],"its":[147,232],"implementation":[148],"raises":[149],"concerns":[150],"about":[151],"certainty":[153],"distributive":[155],"justice.":[156],"Reliance":[157],"standards":[160],"without":[161],"explicit":[162],"delegation":[164],"creates":[165],"normative":[166],"ambiguity,":[167],"while":[168],"significant":[169],"upfront":[170],"compliance":[171],"costs":[172],"for":[173],"design,":[174],"technology,":[175],"disproportionately":[178],"affect":[179],"small":[180],"medium-sized":[182],"enterprises.":[183],"As":[184],"result,":[186],"satisfies":[189],"requirement":[191],"aim":[195],"does":[197],"not":[198,214,253],"fully":[199],"meet":[200],"elements":[202],"necessity":[204],"strict":[209],"sense,":[210],"since":[211],"always":[215],"least":[217],"restrictive":[218],"or":[219],"most":[220],"balanced":[221],"means":[222],"achieving":[224],"goals.":[226],"study\u2019s":[228],"novelty":[229],"lies":[230],"integrated":[233],"legal\u2013economic":[234],"assessment":[235],"principle":[242],"proportionality,":[244],"offering":[245],"holistic":[247],"evaluates":[250],"regulation":[252],"only":[254],"matter":[257],"validity":[260],"also":[262],"an":[264],"instrument":[265],"economic":[267],"rationality":[268],"fair":[270],"burden-sharing":[271],"policy.":[274]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-02-18T00:00:00"}