{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7129292201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.14749","title":"Cognitive networks reconstruct mindsets about STEM subjects and educational contexts in almost 1000 high-schoolers, University students and LLM-based digital twins","display_name":"Cognitive networks reconstruct mindsets about STEM subjects and educational contexts in almost 1000 high-schoolers, University students and LLM-based digital twins","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7129292201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.14749"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2602.14749","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2602.14749","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2602.14749","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2602.14749","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086238878","display_name":"Francesco Gariboldi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gariboldi, Francesco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science , University of Trento , Corso Bettini , 31 , Rovereto , 38068 , TN , Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science , University of Trento , Corso Bettini , 31 , Rovereto , 38068 , TN , Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117907362","display_name":"Emma Franchino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2101-5700","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2101-5700"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Franchino, Emma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science , University of Trento , Corso Bettini , 31 , Rovereto , 38068 , TN , Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science , University of Trento , Corso Bettini , 31 , Rovereto , 38068 , TN , Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093569124","display_name":"Edith Haim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4244-904X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4244-904X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haim, Edith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science , University of Trento , Corso Bettini , 31 , Rovereto , 38068 , TN , Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science , University of Trento , Corso Bettini , 31 , Rovereto , 38068 , TN , Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030783681","display_name":"Gianluca Lattanzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0808-6457","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0808-6457"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lattanzi, Gianluca","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics , University of Trento , Via Sommarive, 14 , Povo , 38123 , TN , Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics , University of Trento , Via Sommarive, 14 , Povo , 38123 , TN , Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031074197","display_name":"Alessandro Grecucci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6043-2196","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6043-2196"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5561750","display_name":"University of Bari Aldo Moro","ror":"https://ror.org/027ynra39","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Grecucci, Alessandro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology and Communication , University of Bari , Via Scipione Crisanzio , 42 , Bari , 70122 , BA , Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology and Communication , University of Bari , Via Scipione Crisanzio , 42 , Bari , 70122 , BA , Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133069442","display_name":"Massimo Stella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1810-9699","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1810-9699"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stella, Massimo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science , University of Trento , Corso Bettini , 31 , Rovereto , 38068 , TN , Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science , University of Trento , Corso Bettini , 31 , Rovereto , 38068 , TN , Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10547","display_name":"Education, Achievement, and Giftedness","score":0.4684999883174896,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10547","display_name":"Education, Achievement, and Giftedness","score":0.4684999883174896,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13600","display_name":"Science Education and Perceptions","score":0.44679999351501465,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10726","display_name":"Career Development and Diversity","score":0.010099999606609344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stem-attitudes","display_name":"STEM attitudes","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mindset","display_name":"mindset","score":0.531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-networks","display_name":"cognitive networks","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-association","display_name":"free association","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-anxiety","display_name":"mathematics anxiety","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gpt-4","display_name":"GPT-4","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotional-valence","display_name":"emotional valence","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secondary-school-students","display_name":"high school students","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/college-students","display_name":"university students","score":0.9950000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6773999929428101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778436841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5159081","display_name":"Concreteness","level":2,"score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.6064000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4602999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.396699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.37709999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3732999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171022839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141199","display_name":"Cognitive complexity","level":3,"score":0.36169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.3382999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118147538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1126970","display_name":"Metacognition","level":3,"score":0.3328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781329482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3823192","display_name":"Conceptual change","level":2,"score":0.3260999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.32030001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159423971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177251","display_name":"Associative property","level":2,"score":0.30379998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168900304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171407","display_name":"Valence (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.2906999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150420422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141238","display_name":"Cognitive resource theory","level":3,"score":0.2766000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777082460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3377398","display_name":"Early childhood","level":2,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.2533000111579895}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2602.14749","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2602.14749","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2602.14749","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.14749","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.14749","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.14749","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2602.14749","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2602.14749","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2602.14749","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8278999924659729,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325935","display_name":"Fondazione Cassa Di Risparmio Di Trento E Rovereto","ror":"https://ror.org/02pgnjz11"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7129292201.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7129292201.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969193295","https://openalex.org/W1984535459","https://openalex.org/W2022987442","https://openalex.org/W2025668003","https://openalex.org/W2032556867","https://openalex.org/W2063898208","https://openalex.org/W2067539393","https://openalex.org/W2069424730","https://openalex.org/W2207188258","https://openalex.org/W2586351348","https://openalex.org/W2962889931","https://openalex.org/W2965966901","https://openalex.org/W4378364251","https://openalex.org/W4404130450","https://openalex.org/W4406853484","https://openalex.org/W7104003876","https://openalex.org/W7115881256"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4416154500","https://openalex.org/W2980793079","https://openalex.org/W2998243241","https://openalex.org/W7057484760","https://openalex.org/W4401174224","https://openalex.org/W7104003876","https://openalex.org/W3138387802","https://openalex.org/W7106313009","https://openalex.org/W4386222964","https://openalex.org/W4386475958"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Attitudes":[0],"toward":[1],"STEM":[2,69,92],"develop":[3],"from":[4,56],"the":[5,194],"interaction":[6],"of":[7,102,168,191],"conceptual":[8],"knowledge,":[9],"educational":[10,95,216],"experiences,":[11],"and":[12,37,45,67,111,121,133,138,151,165,179,197],"affect.":[13],"Here":[14],"we":[15,97],"use":[16],"cognitive":[17,150],"network":[18,107],"science":[19,120],"to":[20,77,114,213],"reconstruct":[21],"group":[22],"mindsets":[23,192],"as":[24],"behavioural":[25],"forma":[26],"mentis":[27],"networks":[28,173],"(BFMNs).":[29],"In":[30],"this":[31],"case,":[32],"nodes":[33],"are":[34,41,123,156],"cue":[35],"words":[36],"free":[38],"associations,":[39],"edges":[40],"empirical":[42],"associative":[43],"links,":[44],"each":[46],"concept":[47],"is":[48],"annotated":[49],"with":[50],"perceived":[51],"valence.":[52],"We":[53],"analyse":[54],"BFMNs":[55,187],"N":[57],"=":[58],"994":[59],"observations":[60],"spanning":[61],"high":[62],"school":[63],"students,":[64,66],"university":[65],"early-career":[68],"experts,":[70],"alongside":[71],"LLM":[72],"(GPT-oss)":[73],"\"digital":[74],"twins\"":[75],"prompted":[76],"emulate":[78],"comparable":[79],"profiles.":[80],"Focusing":[81],"also":[82,157],"on":[83],"semantic":[84],"neighbourhoods":[85],"(\"frames\")":[86],"around":[87],"key":[88,208],"target":[89,195],"concepts":[90],"(e.g.,":[91],"subjects":[93,131],"or":[94],"actors/places),":[96],"quantify":[98],"frames":[99,155],"in":[100,143],"terms":[101],"valence":[103],"auras,":[104,141],"emotional":[105,152],"profiles,":[106],"overlap":[108],"(Jaccard":[109],"similarity),":[110],"concreteness":[112],"relative":[113],"null":[115],"baselines.":[116],"Across":[117],"student":[118],"groups,":[119],"research":[122],"consistently":[124],"framed":[125],"positively,":[126],"while":[127],"their":[128],"core":[129],"quantitative":[130,170],"(mathematics":[132],"statistics)":[134],"exhibit":[135],"more":[136,163],"negative":[137],"anxiety":[139,180],"related":[140],"amplified":[142],"higher":[144],"math-anxiety":[145],"subgroups,":[146],"evidencing":[147],"a":[148],"STEM-science":[149],"dissonance.":[153],"High-anxiety":[154],"less":[158],"concrete":[159],"than":[160,181],"chance,":[161],"suggesting":[162],"abstract":[164],"decontextualised":[166],"representations":[167],"threatening":[169],"domains.":[171],"Human":[172],"show":[174],"greater":[175],"overlapping":[176],"between":[177],"mathematics":[178],"GPT-oss.":[182],"The":[183],"results":[184],"highlight":[185],"how":[186],"capture":[188],"cognitive-affective":[189],"signatures":[190],"towards":[193],"domains":[196],"indicate":[198],"that":[199],"LLM-based":[200],"digital":[201],"twins":[202],"approximate":[203],"cultural":[204],"attitudes":[205],"but":[206],"miss":[207],"context-sensitive,":[209],"experience-based":[210],"components":[211],"relevant":[212],"replicate":[214],"human":[215],"anxiety.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-02-18T00:00:00"}
