{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7129100046","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aeg3412","title":"The role of network connectivity and transcriptomic vulnerability in shaping gray matter atrophy in multiple sclerosis","display_name":"The role of network connectivity and transcriptomic vulnerability in shaping gray matter atrophy in multiple sclerosis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7129100046","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aeg3412"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1126/sciadv.aeg3412","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aeg3412","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aeg3412","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737427234","display_name":"Science Advances","issn_l":"2375-2548","issn":["2375-2548"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science Advances","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aeg3412","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099071708","display_name":"Mar Barrantes-Cepas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4305-6118","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4305-6118"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108594","display_name":"Amsterdam Neuroscience","ror":"https://ror.org/01x2d9f70","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I911458345","display_name":"Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/00q6h8f30","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151833","https://openalex.org/I911458345"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mar Barrantes-Cepas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neuroinfection and Neuroinflammation, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, Netherlands","MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4305-6118","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neuroinfection and Neuroinflammation, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I911458345"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028186148","display_name":"Mario Tranfa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4451-4746","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4451-4746"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108594","display_name":"Amsterdam Neuroscience","ror":"https://ror.org/01x2d9f70","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151833","display_name":"Amsterdam University Medical Centers","ror":"https://ror.org/05grdyy37","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151833"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71267560","display_name":"University of Naples Federico II","ror":"https://ror.org/05290cv24","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/008xxew50","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I911458345","display_name":"Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/00q6h8f30","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151833","https://openalex.org/I911458345"]}],"countries":["IT","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mario Tranfa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neuroinfection and Neuroinflammation, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, Netherlands","Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University \u201cFederico II,\u201d Naples, Italy","Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands","MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4451-4746","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neuroinfection and Neuroinflammation, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University \u201cFederico II,\u201d Naples, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151833","https://openalex.org/I865915315","https://openalex.org/I911458345"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I911458345"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081272154","display_name":"David Rudolf van Nederpelt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0083-5238","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0083-5238"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108594","display_name":"Amsterdam Neuroscience","ror":"https://ror.org/01x2d9f70","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I911458345","display_name":"Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/00q6h8f30","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151833","https://openalex.org/I911458345"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David R. van Nederpelt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neuroinfection and Neuroinflammation, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, Netherlands","MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0083-5238","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neuroinfection and Neuroinflammation, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I911458345"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035401339","display_name":"Ismail Koubiyr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7185-7974","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7185-7974"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108594","display_name":"Amsterdam Neuroscience","ror":"https://ror.org/01x2d9f70","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I911458345","display_name":"Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/00q6h8f30","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151833","https://openalex.org/I911458345"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ismail Koubiyr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neuroinfection and Neuroinflammation, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, Netherlands","MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7185-7974","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neuroinfection and Neuroinflammation, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I911458345"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021284980","display_name":"Luigi Lorenzini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9756-881X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9756-881X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108594","display_name":"Amsterdam Neuroscience","ror":"https://ror.org/01x2d9f70","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151833","display_name":"Amsterdam University Medical Centers","ror":"https://ror.org/05grdyy37","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151833"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/008xxew50","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I911458345","display_name":"Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/00q6h8f30","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151833","https://openalex.org/I911458345"]}],"countries":["IT","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luigi Lorenzini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neuroinfection and Neuroinflammation, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, Netherlands","Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy","Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9756-881X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neuroinfection and Neuroinflammation, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151833","https://openalex.org/I865915315","https://openalex.org/I911458345"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010293617","display_name":"Birgit Helmlinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5022-2910","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5022-2910"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202276237","display_name":"Medical University of Graz","ror":"https://ror.org/02n0bts35","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202276237"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108594","display_name":"Amsterdam Neuroscience","ror":"https://ror.org/01x2d9f70","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I911458345","display_name":"Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/00q6h8f30","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151833","https://openalex.org/I911458345"]}],"countries":["AT","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Birgit Helmlinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neuroinfection and Neuroinflammation, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, Netherlands","Department of Neurology, Research Unit for Neuronal Plasticity and Repair, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria","MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neuroinfection and Neuroinflammation, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Research Unit for Neuronal Plasticity and Repair, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202276237"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I911458345"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066195949","display_name":"Stefan Ropele","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5559-768X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5559-768X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202276237","display_name":"Medical University of Graz","ror":"https://ror.org/02n0bts35","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202276237"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Ropele","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, Neuroimaging Research Unit, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5559-768X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Neuroimaging Research Unit, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202276237"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000488089","display_name":"Daniela Pinter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3138-5225","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3138-5225"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202276237","display_name":"Medical University of Graz","ror":"https://ror.org/02n0bts35","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202276237"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniela Pinter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, Research Unit for Neuronal Plasticity and Repair, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3138-5225","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Research Unit for Neuronal Plasticity and Repair, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202276237"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024718915","display_name":"Christian Enzinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9764-7617","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9764-7617"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202276237","display_name":"Medical University of Graz","ror":"https://ror.org/02n0bts35","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202276237"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Enzinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9764-7617","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202276237"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028455166","display_name":"Tom\u00e1\u0161 Uher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3160-9022","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3160-9022"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21250087","display_name":"Charles University","ror":"https://ror.org/024d6js02","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21250087"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162037","display_name":"General University Hospital in Prague","ror":"https://ror.org/04yg23125","country_code":"CZ","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162037"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomas Uher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czechia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3160-9022","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czechia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21250087","https://openalex.org/I4210162037"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102761529","display_name":"Manuela Van\u011b\u010dkov\u00e1","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6895-3738","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6895-3738","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8784-7997"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21250087","display_name":"Charles University","ror":"https://ror.org/024d6js02","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21250087"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162037","display_name":"General University Hospital in Prague","ror":"https://ror.org/04yg23125","country_code":"CZ","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162037"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manuela Vaneckova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czechia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8784-7997","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czechia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21250087","https://openalex.org/I4210162037"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078507054","display_name":"Joep Killestein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6347-5957","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6347-5957"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108594","display_name":"Amsterdam Neuroscience","ror":"https://ror.org/01x2d9f70","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I911458345","display_name":"Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/00q6h8f30","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151833","https://openalex.org/I911458345"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joep Killestein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neuroinfection and Neuroinflammation, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, Netherlands","MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Neurology, Amsterdam, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6347-5957","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neuroinfection and Neuroinflammation, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Neurology, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I911458345"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023972995","display_name":"Eva M. M. Strijbis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6705-5864","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6705-5864"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108594","display_name":"Amsterdam Neuroscience","ror":"https://ror.org/01x2d9f70","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I911458345","display_name":"Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/00q6h8f30","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151833","https://openalex.org/I911458345"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eva M. M. Strijbis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neuroinfection and Neuroinflammation, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, Netherlands","MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Neurology, Amsterdam, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neuroinfection and Neuroinflammation, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Neurology, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I911458345"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073936390","display_name":"Martijn D. Steenwijk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8346-9044","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8346-9044"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108594","display_name":"Amsterdam Neuroscience","ror":"https://ror.org/01x2d9f70","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I911458345","display_name":"Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/00q6h8f30","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151833","https://openalex.org/I911458345"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martijn D. Steenwijk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neuroinfection and Neuroinflammation, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, Netherlands","MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neuroinfection and Neuroinflammation, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I911458345"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071469128","display_name":"Hugo Vrenken","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9106-1172","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9106-1172"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108594","display_name":"Amsterdam Neuroscience","ror":"https://ror.org/01x2d9f70","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I911458345","display_name":"Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/00q6h8f30","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151833","https://openalex.org/I911458345"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hugo Vrenken","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neuroinfection and Neuroinflammation, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, Netherlands","MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9106-1172","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neuroinfection and Neuroinflammation, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I911458345"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064378373","display_name":"Frederik Barkhof","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3543-3706","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3543-3706"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108594","display_name":"Amsterdam Neuroscience","ror":"https://ror.org/01x2d9f70","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260083","display_name":"UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology","ror":"https://ror.org/0370htr03","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4405260083","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I911458345","display_name":"Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/00q6h8f30","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151833","https://openalex.org/I911458345"]}],"countries":["GB","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frederik Barkhof","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neuroinfection and Neuroinflammation, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, Netherlands","MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam, Netherlands","Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Imaging Computing, University College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3543-3706","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neuroinfection and Neuroinflammation, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I911458345"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Imaging Computing, University College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405260083","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074416256","display_name":"Menno Michiel Schoonheim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2504-6959","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2504-6959"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108594","display_name":"Amsterdam Neuroscience","ror":"https://ror.org/01x2d9f70","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I911458345","display_name":"Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/00q6h8f30","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151833","https://openalex.org/I911458345"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Menno M. Schoonheim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neuroinfection and Neuroinflammation, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, Netherlands","MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2504-6959","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neuroinfection and Neuroinflammation, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I911458345"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030195203","display_name":"Giuseppe Pontillo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5425-1890","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5425-1890"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108594","display_name":"Amsterdam Neuroscience","ror":"https://ror.org/01x2d9f70","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260083","display_name":"UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology","ror":"https://ror.org/0370htr03","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4405260083","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71267560","display_name":"University of Naples Federico II","ror":"https://ror.org/05290cv24","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I911458345","display_name":"Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/00q6h8f30","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151833","https://openalex.org/I911458345"]}],"countries":["GB","IT","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Pontillo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neuroinfection and Neuroinflammation, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, Netherlands","Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University \u201cFederico II,\u201d Naples, Italy","MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands","MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam, Netherlands","Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Imaging Computing, University College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5425-1890","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neuroinfection and Neuroinflammation, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University \u201cFederico II,\u201d Naples, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I911458345"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I911458345"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Imaging Computing, University College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405260083","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4500},"apc_paid":{"value":4500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4500},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"46","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10137","display_name":"Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies","score":0.9110999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10137","display_name":"Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies","score":0.9110999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.08380000293254852,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11304","display_name":"Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-sclerosis","display_name":"multiple sclerosis","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gray-matter-atrophy","display_name":"gray matter atrophy","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurodegeneration","display_name":"neurodegeneration","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-network-connectivity","display_name":"brain network connectivity","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cortical-hubs","display_name":"cortical hubs","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transneuronal-degeneration","display_name":"transneuronal degeneration","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease-subtypes","display_name":"disease subtypes","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hippocampus","display_name":"hippocampus","score":0.6259999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thalamus","display_name":"thalamus","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-cortex","display_name":"visual cortex","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensorimotor-cortex","display_name":"sensorimotor cortex","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporal-cortex","display_name":"temporal cortex","score":0.9869999885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781172350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194520","display_name":"Atrophy","level":2,"score":0.7998999953269958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776925932","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755122","display_name":"Neurodegeneration","level":3,"score":0.7807999849319458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778013878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q646150","display_name":"Grey matter","level":4,"score":0.7384999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.7289000153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780640218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8277","display_name":"Multiple sclerosis","level":2,"score":0.6353999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162317418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252857","display_name":"Transcriptome","level":4,"score":0.565500020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5566999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5547999739646912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780371621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3709910","display_name":"Disconnection","level":2,"score":0.5281000137329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.5015000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780596555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206901","display_name":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","level":3,"score":0.388700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018011982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7316120","display_name":"Functional connectivity","level":2,"score":0.33709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780196419","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1762173","display_name":"Nerve net","level":2,"score":0.3010999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200134340","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845664","display_name":"Voxel-based morphometry","level":4,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.27219998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777427615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954257","display_name":"Degenerative disease","level":3,"score":0.2689000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777670902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q492038","display_name":"Human brain","level":2,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781192897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q822050","display_name":"White matter","level":3,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994092119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1881849","display_name":"Cellular pathology","level":2,"score":0.25699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50231774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639842","display_name":"Brain mapping","level":2,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.25369998812675476}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1126/sciadv.aeg3412","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aeg3412","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aeg3412","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737427234","display_name":"Science Advances","issn_l":"2375-2548","issn":["2375-2548"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science Advances","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.02.13.26346243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.02.13.26346243","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.02.13.26346243","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/02/16/2026.02.13.26346243.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1126/sciadv.aeg3412","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aeg3412","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aeg3412","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737427234","display_name":"Science Advances","issn_l":"2375-2548","issn":["2375-2548"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science Advances","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G871000039","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"09150172010056","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321007","funder_display_name":"ZonMw"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321007","display_name":"ZonMw","ror":"https://ror.org/01yaj9a77"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7129100046.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7129100046.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1903919456","https://openalex.org/W2004293194","https://openalex.org/W2014423835","https://openalex.org/W2035408187","https://openalex.org/W2055655674","https://openalex.org/W2080816290","https://openalex.org/W2089691915","https://openalex.org/W2098235800","https://openalex.org/W2105206040","https://openalex.org/W2136618970","https://openalex.org/W2157885417","https://openalex.org/W2268170829","https://openalex.org/W2270478261","https://openalex.org/W2275670668","https://openalex.org/W2474584762","https://openalex.org/W2499800833","https://openalex.org/W2765491906","https://openalex.org/W2765533948","https://openalex.org/W2766022883","https://openalex.org/W2777074421","https://openalex.org/W2782660935","https://openalex.org/W2783943799","https://openalex.org/W2902070209","https://openalex.org/W2910523382","https://openalex.org/W2951617899","https://openalex.org/W2952686744","https://openalex.org/W2980552311","https://openalex.org/W2991808555","https://openalex.org/W3039128139","https://openalex.org/W3105086774","https://openalex.org/W3120629207","https://openalex.org/W3136513189","https://openalex.org/W3139214497","https://openalex.org/W3148523720","https://openalex.org/W3155846106","https://openalex.org/W3160814547","https://openalex.org/W3163356943","https://openalex.org/W3173485414","https://openalex.org/W3197177410","https://openalex.org/W3198659909","https://openalex.org/W4213065380","https://openalex.org/W4220686407","https://openalex.org/W4241074797","https://openalex.org/W4280614108","https://openalex.org/W4285405458","https://openalex.org/W4306179617","https://openalex.org/W4309374247","https://openalex.org/W4310956114","https://openalex.org/W4317433491","https://openalex.org/W4384522195","https://openalex.org/W4385441820","https://openalex.org/W4386121835","https://openalex.org/W4386809402","https://openalex.org/W4387398229","https://openalex.org/W4387398442","https://openalex.org/W4391680182","https://openalex.org/W4395445957","https://openalex.org/W4396217255","https://openalex.org/W4398236698","https://openalex.org/W4399562725","https://openalex.org/W4399764887","https://openalex.org/W4404033739","https://openalex.org/W4404077500","https://openalex.org/W4409086279","https://openalex.org/W4414272694","https://openalex.org/W4414700101"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7168364806","https://openalex.org/W2968453032","https://openalex.org/W2164167069","https://openalex.org/W4389464245","https://openalex.org/W4386260819","https://openalex.org/W7170080616","https://openalex.org/W1903919456","https://openalex.org/W2989232305","https://openalex.org/W3127689465","https://openalex.org/W1975385248"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Clinical":[0],"progression":[1,29,142],"is":[2],"strongly":[3],"linked":[4,94],"to":[5,95,112,151],"gray":[6],"matter":[7],"atrophy":[8,52,141],"in":[9,102,143,154],"multiple":[10],"sclerosis":[11],"(MS),":[12],"detectable":[13],"early":[14],"on":[15],"MRI":[16],"and":[17,30,64,69,78,85,98,123,132],"progressing":[18],"nonrandomly":[19],"across":[20],"the":[21,24,60,113,120,129,137],"brain.":[22],"However,":[23],"mechanisms":[25,47,91],"driving":[26],"its":[27],"spatiotemporal":[28],"individual":[31],"variability":[32],"remain":[33],"unclear.":[34],"Using":[35],"MRIs":[36],"from":[37],"2187":[38],"participants,":[39],"alongside":[40],"normative":[41],"data,":[42],"we":[43],"systematically":[44],"investigated":[45],"network-based":[46,90],"underlying":[48],"MS-related":[49,96],"atrophy.":[50],"Regional":[51],"was":[53,65],"associated":[54],"with":[55,73,145],"functional":[56,70],"cortical":[57],"hubness,":[58],"supporting":[59],"nodal":[61],"stress":[62],"hypothesis,":[63],"constrained":[66],"by":[67],"anatomical":[68],"connections,":[71],"consistent":[72],"transneuronal":[74],"degeneration.":[75],"Lesional":[76],"disconnection":[77],"transcriptomic":[79],"vulnerability":[80],"played":[81],"marginal":[82],"roles.":[83],"Patient-":[84],"subgroup-level":[86],"analyses":[87],"revealed":[88],"that":[89],"are":[92],"specifically":[93],"neurodegeneration":[97,153],"may":[99],"operate":[100],"differently":[101],"distinct":[103],"subtypes":[104],"or":[105],"disease":[106,117],"phases.":[107],"Atrophy":[108],"patterns":[109],"were":[110],"anchored":[111],"connectivity":[114],"profiles":[115],"of":[116,139],"epicenters":[118],"involving":[119],"visual,":[121],"sensorimotor,":[122],"temporal":[124],"cortices,":[125],"as":[126,128],"well":[127],"hippocampi,":[130],"amygdalae,":[131],"thalami.":[133],"Network-based":[134],"measures":[135],"enhanced":[136],"explanation":[138],"future":[140],"people":[144],"MS,":[146],"providing":[147],"a":[148],"mechanistic":[149],"framework":[150],"understand":[152],"MS.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-02-16T00:00:00"}
