{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7129014296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.51584/ijrias.2026.11010091","title":"Beyond The Rains: Impact of Irrigation on Production Efficiency of Small-Scale Rice Farmers in Benue State, Nigeria","display_name":"Beyond The Rains: Impact of Irrigation on Production Efficiency of Small-Scale Rice Farmers in Benue State, Nigeria","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7129014296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.51584/ijrias.2026.11010091"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.51584/ijrias.2026.11010091","doi":"https://doi.org/10.51584/ijrias.2026.11010091","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.51584/ijrias.2026.11010091","pdf_url":"https://rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/uploads/vol11-iss1-pg1072-1085-202602_pdf.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227786","display_name":"International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science","issn_l":"2454-6194","issn":["2454-6194"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/uploads/vol11-iss1-pg1072-1085-202602_pdf.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043436006","display_name":"Adah Amona Akpa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4878-9675","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4878-9675"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31959934","display_name":"Nasarawa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ybvje46","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31959934"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amona Adah AKPA","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nasarawa State University, Keffi","Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nasarawa State University, Keffi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31959934"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nigeria","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126094737","display_name":"Righteous AGOR","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8484-2755","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8484-2755"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31959934","display_name":"Nasarawa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ybvje46","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31959934"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Righteous AGOR","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nasarawa State University, Keffi","Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nasarawa State University, Keffi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31959934"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nigeria","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126116406","display_name":"Tyson Owoicho ONUH","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31959934","display_name":"Nasarawa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ybvje46","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31959934"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tyson Owoicho ONUH","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nasarawa State University, Keffi","Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nasarawa State University, Keffi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31959934"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nigeria","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093967973","display_name":"James Kor","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31959934","display_name":"Nasarawa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ybvje46","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31959934"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James KOR","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nasarawa State University, Keffi","Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nasarawa State University, Keffi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31959934"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nigeria","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118659121","display_name":"Mohammed Lawal Ademu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4459-9508","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4459-9508"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31959934","display_name":"Nasarawa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ybvje46","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31959934"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ademu M. Lawal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nasarawa State University, Keffi","Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nasarawa State University, Keffi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31959934"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nigeria","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118799168","display_name":"Adedeji Babatunde Adegoke","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31959934","display_name":"Nasarawa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ybvje46","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31959934"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adedeji B. Adegoke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nasarawa State University, Keffi","Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nasarawa State University, Keffi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31959934"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nigeria","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31959934"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"1","first_page":"1072","last_page":"1085"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12045","display_name":"Rice Cultivation and Yield Improvement","score":0.38839998841285706,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12045","display_name":"Rice Cultivation and Yield Improvement","score":0.38839998841285706,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13508","display_name":"Agricultural Economics and Practices","score":0.17249999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10367","display_name":"Agricultural Innovations and Practices","score":0.11630000174045563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/irrigation","display_name":"irrigation","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rice-production","display_name":"rice production","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smallholder-farmers","display_name":"smallholder farmers","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technical-efficiency","display_name":"technical efficiency","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-frontier-analysis","display_name":"stochastic frontier analysis","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rice-yield","display_name":"rice yield","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technical-inefficiency","display_name":"technical inefficiency","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-to-credit","display_name":"access to credit","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/farming-experience","display_name":"farming experience","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-extension","display_name":"agricultural extension","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benue-state","display_name":"Benue State","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-self-sufficiency","display_name":"food self-sufficiency","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-variability","display_name":"climate variability","score":0.7379999756813049}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88862950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11453","display_name":"Irrigation","level":2,"score":0.6818000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778869765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6028363","display_name":"Inefficiency","level":2,"score":0.6500999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37621935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3606845","display_name":"Agricultural science","level":1,"score":0.5356000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C549605437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1229911","display_name":"Food security","level":3,"score":0.48170000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4357999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779249804","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736427","display_name":"Staple food","level":3,"score":0.4262000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48824518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396340","display_name":"Agricultural economics","level":1,"score":0.4185999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.3903999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.37940001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34778210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376791","display_name":"Production\u2013possibility frontier","level":3,"score":0.3734999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.367900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88199923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627371","display_name":"Food processing","level":2,"score":0.36649999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3447999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524765639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501619","display_name":"Water resource management","level":1,"score":0.3433000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3305000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88463610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194118","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","level":1,"score":0.32420000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112077630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623678","display_name":"Irrigation management","level":3,"score":0.31839999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134121241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899301","display_name":"Yield (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.304500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778281468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299260","display_name":"Local government area","level":3,"score":0.29120001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51193700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5376358","display_name":"Water scarcity","level":3,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128383755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3816336","display_name":"Agricultural productivity","level":3,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195092306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3777161","display_name":"Deficit irrigation","level":4,"score":0.25519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.25}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.51584/ijrias.2026.11010091","doi":"https://doi.org/10.51584/ijrias.2026.11010091","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.51584/ijrias.2026.11010091","pdf_url":"https://rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/uploads/vol11-iss1-pg1072-1085-202602_pdf.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227786","display_name":"International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science","issn_l":"2454-6194","issn":["2454-6194"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.51584/ijrias.2026.11010091","doi":"https://doi.org/10.51584/ijrias.2026.11010091","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.51584/ijrias.2026.11010091","pdf_url":"https://rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/uploads/vol11-iss1-pg1072-1085-202602_pdf.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227786","display_name":"International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science","issn_l":"2454-6194","issn":["2454-6194"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":1.0,"display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7129014296.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7129014296.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1986438689","https://openalex.org/W4385061141","https://openalex.org/W4386074113","https://openalex.org/W4400001578"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4412474953","https://openalex.org/W2811474019","https://openalex.org/W7223443045","https://openalex.org/W7216002414","https://openalex.org/W2290122773","https://openalex.org/W7216783126","https://openalex.org/W7217678184","https://openalex.org/W3014961596","https://openalex.org/W2183409229","https://openalex.org/W2791668839"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Food":[0],"is":[1,44,210],"essential":[2],"to":[3,12,36,46,91,168,214,244],"the":[4,58,97,107,112,145,176,205,220,222,228,246,255],"human":[5],"body's":[6],"metabolism,":[7],"yet":[8],"remains":[9,198],"scarce":[10],"due":[11,213],"climate":[13],"variability":[14],"that":[15,194,225],"manifests":[16],"as":[17,34,115,140,163],"floods,":[18],"rising":[19],"temperatures,":[20],"drought,":[21],"intermittent":[22],"rainfall,":[23],"and":[24,106,166,189,227,237,249],"water":[25],"stress.":[26],"This":[27],"calls":[28],"for":[29,157],"effective":[30],"resilience":[31],"strategies,":[32],"such":[33,162],"irrigation,":[35,192],"enhance":[37,245],"food":[38,48,68],"production":[39],"in":[40,69,96,137,144,254],"Benue":[41,70,138],"State,":[42,71,139],"which":[43],"strategic":[45],"Nigeria's":[47],"self-sufficiency.":[49],"Against":[50],"this":[51,72],"background,":[52],"with":[53,83,111,219],"limited":[54],"empirical":[55],"attention":[56],"on":[57,62,134,234,240],"impact":[59,125,207],"of":[60,126,151,208],"irrigation":[61,127,197,209,253],"rice":[63,94,135,141,202,250],"production,":[64,203],"a":[65,116,121,181],"common":[66],"staple":[67],"study":[73,223],"was":[74,80],"motivated.":[75],"The":[76],"survey":[77],"research":[78],"design":[79],"relied":[81],"upon":[82],"primary":[84],"data":[85],"collected":[86,100],"through":[87],"structured":[88],"questionnaires":[89],"administered":[90],"150":[92],"small-scale":[93],"farmers":[95,143],"state.":[98,256],"Data":[99],"were":[101],"analyzed":[102],"using":[103],"descriptive":[104],"statistics":[105],"stochastic":[108],"frontier":[109],"model,":[110],"paired-samples":[113],"t-test":[114,179],"robustness":[117,174],"check.":[118],"Results":[119],"indicated":[120],"positive":[122,212],"but":[123,204],"insignificant":[124],"(\u03b2":[128],"=":[129,132],"4.44%;":[130],"p":[131],"0.559)":[133],"yield":[136,251],"irrigated":[142],"state":[146,229],"operate":[147],"at":[148],"50.28%":[149],"level":[150,248],"efficiency,":[152],"leaving":[153],"about":[154],"49.72%":[155],"room":[156],"improvement":[158],"when":[159],"inefficiency":[160],"variables":[161],"experience,":[164],"education,":[165],"access":[167],"credit":[169],"are":[170],"improved":[171],"upon.":[172],"For":[173],"check,":[175],"paired":[177],"sample":[178],"showed":[180],"significant":[182],"negative":[183],"mean":[184],"difference":[185],"between":[186],"output":[187,190,195],"before":[188],"under":[191,196,252],"implying":[193],"higher":[199],"than":[200],"rainfed":[201],"overall":[206],"insignificantly":[211],"technical":[215],"inefficiency.":[216],"In":[217],"line":[218],"results,":[221],"recommended":[224],"IFAD":[226],"government":[230],"should":[231],"intensify":[232],"efforts":[233],"extension":[235],"services":[236],"farmers\u2019":[238],"training":[239],"global":[241],"best":[242],"practices":[243],"experience":[247]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-02-17T00:00:00"}