{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128925307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2026/v29i23664","title":"Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Subclinical Mastitis in Lactating Cattle","display_name":"Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Subclinical Mastitis in Lactating Cattle","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128925307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2026/v29i23664"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.9734/jabb/2026/v29i23664","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2026/v29i23664","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2026/v29i23664","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764613355","display_name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","issn_l":"2394-1081","issn":["2394-1081"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Advances in Biology &amp; Biotechnology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2026/v29i23664","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124938863","display_name":"Puneet Goyal","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156499","display_name":"Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vts7w23","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156499"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Puneet Goyal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Veterinary Medicine, C.V.Sc. & A.H., NDVSU, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, 482001, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, C.V.Sc. & A.H., NDVSU, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, 482001, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156499"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113496388","display_name":"Devendra Kumar Gupta","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156499","display_name":"Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vts7w23","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156499"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Devendra Kumar Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Veterinary Medicine, C.V.Sc. & A.H., NDVSU, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, 482001, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, C.V.Sc. & A.H., NDVSU, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, 482001, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156499"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082978134","display_name":"Ranbir Singh Jatav","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156499","display_name":"Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vts7w23","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156499"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ranbir Singh Jatav","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Veterinary Medicine, C.V.Sc. & A.H., NDVSU, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, 482001, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, C.V.Sc. & A.H., NDVSU, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, 482001, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156499"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101693105","display_name":"Sachin Kumar Jain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7442-7670","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7442-7670"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156499","display_name":"Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vts7w23","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156499"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sachin Jain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, C.V.Sc. & A.H., NDVSU, Jabalpur,  Madhya Pradesh, 482001, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, C.V.Sc. & A.H., NDVSU, Jabalpur,  Madhya Pradesh, 482001, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156499"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075149035","display_name":"Pragati Patel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4382-8062","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4382-8062"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156499","display_name":"Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vts7w23","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156499"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pragati Patel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physiology & Biochemistry, C.V.Sc. & A.H., NDVSU, Jabalpur,  Madhya Pradesh, 482001, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physiology & Biochemistry, C.V.Sc. & A.H., NDVSU, Jabalpur,  Madhya Pradesh, 482001, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156499"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114121752","display_name":"Shashank Vishvakarma","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156499","display_name":"Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vts7w23","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156499"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shashank Vishvakarma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, C.V.Sc. and A.H., NDVSU, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, 482001, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, C.V.Sc. and A.H., NDVSU, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, 482001, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156499"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124890071","display_name":"Chede Prasanna Nandkumar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156499","display_name":"Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vts7w23","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156499"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chede Prasanna Nandkumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Veterinary Medicine, C.V.Sc. & A.H., NDVSU, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, 482001, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, C.V.Sc. & A.H., NDVSU, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, 482001, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156499"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124923766","display_name":"Deepak","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156499","display_name":"Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vts7w23","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156499"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deepak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Veterinary Medicine, C.V.Sc. & A.H., NDVSU, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, 482001, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, C.V.Sc. & A.H., NDVSU, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, 482001, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156499"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125034516","display_name":"Jatin Gupta","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156499","display_name":"Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vts7w23","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156499"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jatin Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Veterinary Medicine, C.V.Sc. & A.H., NDVSU, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, 482001, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, C.V.Sc. & A.H., NDVSU, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, 482001, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156499"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156499"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"2","first_page":"602","last_page":"613"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11226","display_name":"Milk Quality and Mastitis in Dairy Cows","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11226","display_name":"Milk Quality and Mastitis in Dairy Cows","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12322","display_name":"Animal health and immunology","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10594","display_name":"Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subclinical-mastitis","display_name":"subclinical mastitis","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lactating-cattle","display_name":"lactating cattle","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prevalence","display_name":"prevalence","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-factors","display_name":"risk factors","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/somatic-cell-count","display_name":"somatic cell count","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dairy-farm-management","display_name":"dairy farm management","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crossbred-cattle","display_name":"crossbred cattle","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parity","display_name":"parity","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-lactation","display_name":"early lactation","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/milk-quality","display_name":"milk quality","score":0.32899999618530273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113280763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2326546","display_name":"Subclinical infection","level":2,"score":0.7906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776344049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835061","display_name":"Mastitis","level":2,"score":0.7232000231742859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776659692","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q719426","display_name":"Lactation","level":3,"score":0.679099977016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780120618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2230614","display_name":"California mastitis test","level":5,"score":0.5921000242233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776792119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2917352","display_name":"Somatic cell count","level":5,"score":0.5792999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42972112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170201","display_name":"Veterinary medicine","level":1,"score":0.5131999850273132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.49129998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173419221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4390467","display_name":"Crossbreed","level":2,"score":0.48969998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776977481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2915","display_name":"Dairy cattle","level":2,"score":0.47040000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140793950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168091","display_name":"Animal science","level":1,"score":0.4099999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186079640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q719602","display_name":"Prevalence","level":3,"score":0.38749998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112964050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103459","display_name":"Livestock","level":2,"score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.38449999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779234561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995","display_name":"Pregnancy","level":2,"score":0.3253999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50440223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475848","display_name":"Risk factor","level":2,"score":0.3138999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.30799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778001805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189961","display_name":"Mammary gland","level":4,"score":0.29910001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194775826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209542","display_name":"Herd","level":2,"score":0.29170000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908982167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830","display_name":"Cattle Diseases","level":2,"score":0.273499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779771469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428918","display_name":"Lameness","level":2,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777151079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141160","display_name":"Parity (physics)","level":2,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.9734/jabb/2026/v29i23664","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2026/v29i23664","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2026/v29i23664","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764613355","display_name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","issn_l":"2394-1081","issn":["2394-1081"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Advances in Biology &amp; Biotechnology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:journaljabb.com:article/3664","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://journaljabb.com/index.php/JABB/article/view/3664","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764613355","display_name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","issn_l":"2394-1081","issn":["2394-1081"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2394-1081","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05511942v1","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05511942","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405252976","host_organization_name":"Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405252976"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology, 2026, 29 (2), pp.602 - 613","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.9734/jabb/2026/v29i23664","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2026/v29i23664","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2026/v29i23664","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764613355","display_name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","issn_l":"2394-1081","issn":["2394-1081"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Advances in Biology &amp; Biotechnology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.8409000039100647,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8371999859809875,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4408370600","https://openalex.org/W3041902883","https://openalex.org/W3213088796","https://openalex.org/W3104000891","https://openalex.org/W4406125908","https://openalex.org/W4287662871","https://openalex.org/W4413448082","https://openalex.org/W3089243925","https://openalex.org/W1998614105","https://openalex.org/W2523721700"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mastitis":[0,93],"is":[1],"a":[2,64,142,177,209,230,261],"multifactorial,":[3],"economically":[4],"detrimental":[5],"inflammatory":[6],"disease":[7,293],"of":[8,37,66,126,132,144,203,240,249,282],"the":[9,35,46,70,90,156,171,200,225,238,247,273,280],"mammary":[10],"gland,":[11],"characterized":[12],"by":[13,111,229],"physical,":[14],"chemical":[15],"and":[16,43,56,76,96,195,198,278,285,292],"bacteriological":[17],"changes":[18],"in":[19,25,40,50,190,217,264],"milk":[20],"along":[21],"with":[22,165,221],"pathological":[23],"alterations":[24],"glandular":[26],"tissue.":[27],"The":[28,59,254],"present":[29],"investigation":[30],"was":[31,61,150,162,188,206,219],"undertaken":[32],"to":[33,44,182,288],"determine":[34],"prevalence":[36,143,149,179,187,218],"subclinical":[38,108,139,252,258],"mastitis":[39,88,109,259],"lactating":[41,83,128,265],"cattle":[42,84,97,129,135,153,175,184,191],"evaluate":[45],"associated":[47],"risk":[48,211],"factors":[49],"affected":[51],"animals":[52],"maintained":[53,154],"under":[54,155,268],"organized":[55],"unorganized":[57,157,269],"sectors.":[58],"study":[60],"conducted":[62],"over":[63],"period":[65,212],"six":[67],"months":[68],"at":[69],"Livestock":[71],"Farm,":[72],"Adhartal,":[73],"various":[74],"Gaushala":[75],"private":[77],"dairy":[78],"farms,":[79],"Jabalpur":[80],"(M.P.)":[81],"where":[82],"were":[85,104,130,136],"screened":[86],"for":[87,99,107,138,275],"using":[89,117],"Modified":[91],"California":[92],"Test":[94],"(MCMT)":[95],"positive":[98,137,241],"MCMT":[100,234],"without":[101],"clinical":[102],"signs":[103],"further":[105],"confirmed":[106],"(SCM)":[110],"Somatic":[112],"cell":[113,119],"count":[114],"(SCC)":[115],"estimation":[116],"somatic":[118],"counter":[120],"cum":[121],"lactoscan":[122],"(combo).":[123],"A":[124,146],"total":[125],"209":[127],"screened,":[131],"which":[133,205],"60":[134],"mastitis,":[140],"recorded":[141],"28.70%.":[145],"comparatively":[147],"higher":[148,178],"observed":[151,189],"among":[152],"sector":[158],"(36.36%).":[159],"Multi-quarter":[160],"involvement":[161,167],"commonly":[163],"observed,":[164],"two-quarter":[166],"(10.52%)":[168],"emerging":[169],"as":[170,208],"predominant":[172],"pattern.":[173],"Crossbred":[174],"exhibited":[176,243],"(31.74%)":[180],"compared":[181],"indigenous":[183],"(24.09%).":[185],"Higher":[186],"age":[192],"7":[193],"years":[194],"above":[196],"(29.83%)":[197],"during":[199],"early":[201,283],"stage":[202],"lactation":[204,227],"identified":[207],"significant":[210],"(p<0.05).":[213],"An":[214],"increasing":[215],"trend":[216],"evident":[220],"advancing":[222],"parity":[223],"upto":[224],"4th":[226],"followed":[228],"marginal":[231],"decline":[232],"thereafter.":[233],"grading":[235],"indicated":[236],"that":[237,257],"majority":[239],"quarters":[242],"1+":[244],"reaction,":[245],"reflecting":[246],"predominance":[248],"lower":[250],"grade":[251],"infections.":[253],"findings":[255],"indicate":[256],"remains":[260],"prevalent":[262],"condition":[263],"cattle,":[266],"particularly":[267],"management":[270,287],"systems,":[271],"underscoring":[272],"need":[274],"routine":[276],"screening":[277],"highlighting":[279],"importance":[281],"detection":[284],"timely":[286],"minimize":[289],"production":[290],"losses":[291],"transmission.":[294]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-25T09:29:13.331239","created_date":"2026-02-15T00:00:00"}