{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128815519","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2026.142008","title":"Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) Regulations: A Comprehensive Literature Review for Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) in Kenya","display_name":"Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) Regulations: A Comprehensive Literature Review for Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) in Kenya","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128815519","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2026.142008"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4236/gep.2026.142008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2026.142008","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2026.142008","pdf_url":"https://www.scirp.org/pdf/gep_2173666.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764762413","display_name":"Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection","issn_l":"2327-4336","issn":["2327-4336","2327-4344"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320480","host_organization_name":"Scientific Research Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320480"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Scientific Research Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.scirp.org/pdf/gep_2173666.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048213763","display_name":"Eunice Macrean Atieno","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22607950","display_name":"University of Eldoret","ror":"https://ror.org/010crp378","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22607950"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eunice Atieno","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Accounting and Finance , University of Eldoret , Eldoret , Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Accounting and Finance , University of Eldoret , Eldoret , Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22607950"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091928710","display_name":"Francis O. Ikapel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22607950","display_name":"University of Eldoret","ror":"https://ror.org/010crp378","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22607950"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francis Ikapel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Accounting and Finance , University of Eldoret , Eldoret , Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Accounting and Finance , University of Eldoret , Eldoret , Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22607950"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125989688","display_name":"Joseph Birundu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26805570","display_name":"Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/015h5sy57","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26805570"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Birundu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Agriculture and Natural Resources , Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology , Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Agriculture and Natural Resources , Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology , Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26805570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073129264","display_name":"Leonard L. Tampushi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5951-2452","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5951-2452"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405262651","display_name":"National Environment Management Authority","ror":"https://ror.org/04fwtam12","country_code":"KE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405262651"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leonard Tampushi","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) , Nairobi , Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) , Nairobi , Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405262651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015066292","display_name":"Caroline Ayuma","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22607950","display_name":"University of Eldoret","ror":"https://ror.org/010crp378","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22607950"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caroline Ayuma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Accounting and Finance , University of Eldoret , Eldoret , Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Accounting and Finance , University of Eldoret , Eldoret , Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22607950"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058674037","display_name":"Emmanuel Tanui","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22607950","display_name":"University of Eldoret","ror":"https://ror.org/010crp378","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22607950"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emmanuel Tanui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Business Management , University of Eldoret , Eldoret , Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Business Management , University of Eldoret , Eldoret , Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22607950"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125928919","display_name":"Nebat Momanyi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12859529","display_name":"University of Nairobi","ror":"https://ror.org/02y9nww90","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12859529"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nebat Momanyi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Law , University of Nairobi , Nairobi , Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Law , University of Nairobi , Nairobi , Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12859529"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046455241","display_name":"Kenneth Otieno K'oreje","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2106-7223","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2106-7223"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth K\u2019oreje","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125890096","display_name":"Kenneth Esau","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth Esau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Apalis Nature Limited , Voi , Taita Taveta , Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Apalis Nature Limited , Voi , Taita Taveta , Kenya","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.0573,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93546352,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"02","first_page":"117","last_page":"156"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11108","display_name":"Municipal Solid Waste Management","score":0.5659000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11108","display_name":"Municipal Solid Waste Management","score":0.5659000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14179","display_name":"Waste Management and Recycling","score":0.1898999959230423,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12017","display_name":"Recycling and Waste Management Techniques","score":0.1136000007390976,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extended-producer-responsibility","display_name":"extended producer responsibility","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kenya","display_name":"Kenya","score":0.6420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/circular-economy","display_name":"circular economy","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/end-of-life-products","display_name":"end-of-life products","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/take-back-schemes","display_name":"take-back schemes","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eco-design","display_name":"eco-design","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recycling","display_name":"recycling","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waste-management-policy-implementation","display_name":"waste management policy implementation","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/policy-compliance","display_name":"policy compliance","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/informal-sector-formalization","display_name":"informal sector formalization","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-separation-of-waste","display_name":"waste segregation at source","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stakeholder-engagement","display_name":"stakeholder engagement","score":0.546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-accountability","display_name":"environmental accountability","score":0.38999998569488525}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3742442","display_name":"Extended producer responsibility","level":2,"score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.6420999765396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.5605000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200630231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1099428","display_name":"Cleaner production","level":3,"score":0.5120999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.49050000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.423799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552854447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131201","display_name":"Sustainable development","level":2,"score":0.4097999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.37059998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780748813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7649683","display_name":"Sustainable management","level":3,"score":0.36070001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777483948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7649626","display_name":"Sustainable Value","level":3,"score":0.3450999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777448596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q497743","display_name":"Circular economy","level":2,"score":0.33489999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.3327000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3312000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91375879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274","display_name":"Environmental planning","level":1,"score":0.33009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.3230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141261163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218600","display_name":"Corporate social responsibility","level":2,"score":0.3061000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108713360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1824206","display_name":"Supply chain","level":2,"score":0.2962999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75779659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18538","display_name":"Municipal solid waste","level":2,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111874474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6005872","display_name":"Impact assessment","level":2,"score":0.2858000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184356942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830382","display_name":"Best practice","level":2,"score":0.2824000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147598955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3427818","display_name":"Social responsibility","level":2,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.2741999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78244369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104840706","display_name":"Added value","level":2,"score":0.272599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99743013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47359","display_name":"Kyoto Protocol","level":3,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.2685000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020383963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste disposal","level":2,"score":0.26499998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.26010000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162446236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q653137","display_name":"Content analysis","level":2,"score":0.2590999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123587114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2101508","display_name":"Policy analysis","level":2,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120823896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1043226","display_name":"Product design","level":3,"score":0.2529999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.25060001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777351106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49371","display_name":"Legislation","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4236/gep.2026.142008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2026.142008","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2026.142008","pdf_url":"https://www.scirp.org/pdf/gep_2173666.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764762413","display_name":"Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection","issn_l":"2327-4336","issn":["2327-4336","2327-4344"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320480","host_organization_name":"Scientific Research Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320480"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Scientific Research Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.4236/gep.2026.142008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2026.142008","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2026.142008","pdf_url":"https://www.scirp.org/pdf/gep_2173666.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764762413","display_name":"Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection","issn_l":"2327-4336","issn":["2327-4336","2327-4344"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320480","host_organization_name":"Scientific Research Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320480"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Scientific Research Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128815519.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128815519.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2126892907","https://openalex.org/W3012457956","https://openalex.org/W3084760605","https://openalex.org/W3112709072","https://openalex.org/W3121023376","https://openalex.org/W3125411499","https://openalex.org/W3125861196","https://openalex.org/W3142537071","https://openalex.org/W3147573438","https://openalex.org/W3191543949","https://openalex.org/W3193931390","https://openalex.org/W3197380211","https://openalex.org/W3207961951","https://openalex.org/W4200566315","https://openalex.org/W4206252846","https://openalex.org/W4212917111","https://openalex.org/W4214478589","https://openalex.org/W4224218933","https://openalex.org/W4226245138","https://openalex.org/W4280630540","https://openalex.org/W4283078612","https://openalex.org/W4284680908","https://openalex.org/W4289860533","https://openalex.org/W4293797237","https://openalex.org/W4294631576","https://openalex.org/W4296008885","https://openalex.org/W4296785394","https://openalex.org/W4298223039","https://openalex.org/W4306251302","https://openalex.org/W4307958711","https://openalex.org/W4308015514","https://openalex.org/W4311149061","https://openalex.org/W4312515130","https://openalex.org/W4317888448","https://openalex.org/W4321456506","https://openalex.org/W4323316597","https://openalex.org/W4360860759","https://openalex.org/W4362450025","https://openalex.org/W4376277165","https://openalex.org/W4381280215","https://openalex.org/W4381949794","https://openalex.org/W4385340948","https://openalex.org/W4385760424","https://openalex.org/W4387552384","https://openalex.org/W4387859059","https://openalex.org/W4390670306","https://openalex.org/W4396611886","https://openalex.org/W4398200519","https://openalex.org/W4398246459","https://openalex.org/W4399193104","https://openalex.org/W4399467647","https://openalex.org/W4400129272","https://openalex.org/W4400366368","https://openalex.org/W4400571873","https://openalex.org/W4400879434","https://openalex.org/W4400880571","https://openalex.org/W4400912644","https://openalex.org/W4401395758","https://openalex.org/W4401486030","https://openalex.org/W4402080923","https://openalex.org/W4402822793","https://openalex.org/W4404315893","https://openalex.org/W4404823951","https://openalex.org/W4405525272","https://openalex.org/W4406467990","https://openalex.org/W4406842863","https://openalex.org/W4407134070","https://openalex.org/W4407559660","https://openalex.org/W4409003975","https://openalex.org/W4409584932","https://openalex.org/W4410136117","https://openalex.org/W4410576064","https://openalex.org/W4411122804","https://openalex.org/W4413230407"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4409335059","https://openalex.org/W4285037481","https://openalex.org/W7196951990","https://openalex.org/W2325756451","https://openalex.org/W7124453107","https://openalex.org/W3194824012","https://openalex.org/W7172448364","https://openalex.org/W1857449858","https://openalex.org/W4403102516","https://openalex.org/W2981101938"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Environmental":[0],"accountability":[1],"and":[2,35,79,116,122,131,140,144,153,176,189,198,210,215,220,247,250,269,302,310,319,345,353,369],"protection":[3],"has":[4,14,42],"gained":[5],"traction":[6],"in":[7,103],"the":[8,16,33,45,51,84,91,96,128,158,259,265,272,278,289,322,357],"recent":[9],"past.":[10],"Sustainable":[11,97],"waste":[12,29,69,120,185,236,245,281,339,365,371],"management":[13,30,70,237,282,323,340],"become":[15],"point":[17],"of":[18,47,95,160,183,195,206,258,262,280,298,314,324,334,356,361],"interest":[19],"for":[20,60,83,119,342],"many":[21],"stakeholders.":[22],"Different":[23],"jurisdictions":[24],"have":[25],"developed":[26],"regulations":[27],"on":[28,90,127,148,180,321],"to":[31,74,240,276,286,295],"safeguard":[32],"planet":[34],"future":[36],"generations.":[37],"Extended":[38],"Producer":[39],"Responsibility":[40],"(EPR)":[41],"emerged":[43],"as":[44,53,243],"center":[46],"policy":[48,58,138,188,267,273,309],"debate":[49],"around":[50],"world,":[52],"it":[54],"is":[55,274,291,307,374],"considered":[56],"a":[57,106,181,347],"tool":[59],"promoting":[61],"circular":[62],"economy":[63],"(CE)":[64],"practices":[65],"that":[66],"transfer":[67],"post-consumer":[68],"obligations":[71],"from":[72,201,283],"governments":[73],"producers.":[75],"EPR":[76,100,129,162,266,363],"ensures":[77],"producers":[78],"manufacturers":[80,318],"take":[81],"responsibility":[82,315],"physical":[85],"end-of-life":[86,325],"products":[87,326],"they":[88],"place":[89],"market.":[92],"The":[93,192,225,230,253],"gazettement":[94],"Waste":[98],"Management":[99],"Regulations,":[101],"2024,":[102],"Kenya,":[104],"marked":[105],"significant":[107],"regulatory":[108],"milestone,":[109],"mandating":[110],"producer":[111],"registration,":[112],"take-back":[113],"schemes,":[114],"eco-design,":[115],"financial":[117,177],"contributions":[118],"recovery":[121],"management.":[123],"This":[124],"review":[125],"focused":[126],"framework":[130,163],"its":[132],"implementation":[133,190,373],"by":[134,293,336],"synthesizing":[135],"empirical":[136],"studies,":[137],"reports,":[139],"global":[141],"best":[142],"practices,":[143],"evaluating":[145],"their":[146],"implications":[147],"environmental":[149],"performance,":[150],"economic":[151],"outcomes,":[152],"institutional":[154],"capacity.":[155],"It":[156],"analyzed":[157],"alignment":[159],"Kenya\u2019s":[161],"with":[164],"international":[165],"benchmarks,":[166],"compliance":[167],"levels,":[168],"product":[169],"design":[170],"innovation,":[171],"recycling":[172],"rates,":[173],"job":[174],"creation,":[175],"sustainability,":[178],"focusing":[179],"number":[182],"key":[184,202],"actors":[186],"at":[187,233,367],"levels.":[191],"literature":[193],"consisted":[194],"551":[196],"articles":[197],"reports":[199],"extracted":[200],"academic":[203],"databases:":[204],"Web":[205],"Science,":[207],"Scopus,":[208],"Springer,":[209],"grey":[211],"sources.":[212],"Boolean":[213],"logic":[214],"keyword":[216],"combinations,":[217],"systematic":[218],"screening,":[219],"content":[221],"analysis":[222],"was":[223,228],"used.":[224],"PRISMA":[226],"model":[227],"applied.":[229],"findings":[231],"hint":[232],"limited":[234,308],"downstream":[235],"effectiveness,":[238],"pointing":[239],"opportunities":[241],"such":[242],"enhanced":[244],"collection":[246],"diversion,":[248],"recycling,":[249,346],"value":[251],"recovery.":[252],"results":[254],"also":[255],"showed":[256],"existence":[257],"primary":[260],"challenge":[261],"conflict":[263],"between":[264,316],"intent":[268],"implementation.":[270],"While":[271],"intended":[275],"shift":[277],"burden":[279],"public":[284,351],"sector":[285],"private":[287],"producers,":[288,317,337],"effort":[290],"undermined":[292],"resistance":[294],"change,":[296],"lack":[297],"awareness,":[299,354],"enforcement":[300,311],"gaps,":[301],"legal":[303,349],"disputes.":[304],"Additionally,":[305],"there":[306],"framework,":[312,350],"misalignment":[313],"importers":[320],"upstream.":[327],"Consequently,":[328],"strong":[329],"stakeholder":[330],"involvement,":[331],"clear":[332],"sharing":[333],"responsibilities":[335],"setting":[338],"targets":[341],"collection,":[343],"recovery,":[344],"progressive":[348],"education":[352],"formalization":[355],"informal":[358],"sector,":[359],"adoption":[360],"differentiated":[362],"fees,":[364],"segregation":[366],"source,":[368],"targeted":[370],"stream":[372],"recommended.":[375]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-02-14T00:00:00"}
