{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128788138","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-026-02145-5","title":"A Call for Unified Definitions and Classifications for Saltmarshes for Accurate Mapping of Extent: A Case Study From Sri Lanka","display_name":"A Call for Unified Definitions and Classifications for Saltmarshes for Accurate Mapping of Extent: A Case Study From Sri Lanka","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128788138","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-026-02145-5"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13157-026-02145-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-026-02145-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-026-02145-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S127668553","display_name":"Wetlands","issn_l":"0277-5212","issn":["0277-5212","1943-6246"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Wetlands","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8739163/v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098489248","display_name":"Gavindya Kawshani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3732-6986","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3732-6986"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gavindya Kawshani","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3732-6986","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109633531","display_name":"Mathew A. Vanderklift","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5170-7546","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5170-7546"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mathew A Vanderklift","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5170-7546","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044747481","display_name":"Thomas A. Worthington","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8138-9075","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8138-9075"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas A Worthington","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8138-9075","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051140276","display_name":"Alejandro Navarro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5687-0385","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5687-0385"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alejandro Navarro","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093993505","display_name":"Emma Deeks","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2552-7848","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2552-7848"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emma Deeks","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5144610725","display_name":"Chaturangi Wickramaratne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7146-7860","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7146-7860"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaturangi Wickramaratne","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125940051","display_name":"Astha Fernando","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Astha Fernando","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009547729","display_name":"W.M.H.K. Wijenayake","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9867-1640","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9867-1640"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kelum Wijenayake","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049973979","display_name":"TILAK PREMAKANTHA","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tilak Premakantha","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112424113","display_name":"D. S. M. De Silva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8631-3838","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8631-3838"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"DSM De Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078439093","display_name":"Sevvandi Jayakody","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9600-4986","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9600-4986"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sevvandi Jayakody","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3890},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.0449,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91784658,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"46","issue":"8","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10779","display_name":"Coastal wetland ecosystem dynamics","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10779","display_name":"Coastal wetland ecosystem dynamics","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14359","display_name":"Wetland Management and Conservation","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salt-marshes","display_name":"salt marshes","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sri-lanka-coast","display_name":"Sri Lanka coast","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coastal-salt-marshes","display_name":"coastal salt marshes","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-based-classification","display_name":"object-oriented classification","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-classification","display_name":"supervised classification","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coastal-ecosystem-conservation","display_name":"coastal ecosystem conservation","score":0.47099998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indian-ocean","display_name":"Indian Ocean","score":0.39399999380111694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5291000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87441765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29925","display_name":"Salt marsh","level":2,"score":0.5177000164985657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778102629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725252","display_name":"Satellite imagery","level":2,"score":0.515500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.49480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.4657000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.45399999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.43560001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.4341999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43309998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.4174000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017649214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854","display_name":"Sri lanka","level":3,"score":0.39340001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.38019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67268981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30198","display_name":"Marsh","level":3,"score":0.36880001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.30799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.30169999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985301230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725252","display_name":"Satellite image","level":3,"score":0.29159998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60478076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3036835","display_name":"Reference data","level":2,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133214962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191839","display_name":"Aerial photography","level":2,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2535000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176262533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4688034","display_name":"Aerial survey","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13157-026-02145-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-026-02145-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-026-02145-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S127668553","display_name":"Wetlands","issn_l":"0277-5212","issn":["0277-5212","1943-6246"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Wetlands","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8739163/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8739163/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8739163/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8739163/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8739163/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8739163/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life on land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.8518999814987183},{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.5769000053405762}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W241309247","https://openalex.org/W618119057","https://openalex.org/W1565635109","https://openalex.org/W1595519446","https://openalex.org/W1999423792","https://openalex.org/W2010884258","https://openalex.org/W2053605143","https://openalex.org/W2066923369","https://openalex.org/W2095361111","https://openalex.org/W2096158161","https://openalex.org/W2114828048","https://openalex.org/W2121285570","https://openalex.org/W2167279830","https://openalex.org/W2184365837","https://openalex.org/W2322497285","https://openalex.org/W2404393721","https://openalex.org/W2594268036","https://openalex.org/W2600033982","https://openalex.org/W2742271018","https://openalex.org/W2776389780","https://openalex.org/W2794477125","https://openalex.org/W2800109220","https://openalex.org/W2802536590","https://openalex.org/W2887185672","https://openalex.org/W2895136392","https://openalex.org/W2913853831","https://openalex.org/W2944117987","https://openalex.org/W2947133601","https://openalex.org/W2953011380","https://openalex.org/W2964636522","https://openalex.org/W2973965384","https://openalex.org/W2978107983","https://openalex.org/W2999585470","https://openalex.org/W3006948112","https://openalex.org/W3021729267","https://openalex.org/W3085784695","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3122337162","https://openalex.org/W3123893780","https://openalex.org/W3152275042","https://openalex.org/W3155319383","https://openalex.org/W3155435404","https://openalex.org/W3170338603","https://openalex.org/W3183309240","https://openalex.org/W4210755144","https://openalex.org/W4214770772","https://openalex.org/W4286264543","https://openalex.org/W4286787060","https://openalex.org/W4292397310","https://openalex.org/W4304780007","https://openalex.org/W4309126433","https://openalex.org/W4309315247","https://openalex.org/W4310438911","https://openalex.org/W4312084665","https://openalex.org/W4319786897","https://openalex.org/W4388534530","https://openalex.org/W4389577777","https://openalex.org/W4392858711","https://openalex.org/W4392928806","https://openalex.org/W4394432336","https://openalex.org/W4396767185","https://openalex.org/W4400177915","https://openalex.org/W4401283778","https://openalex.org/W4404205090","https://openalex.org/W4404738023","https://openalex.org/W4404848268","https://openalex.org/W4406129632","https://openalex.org/W4411740474","https://openalex.org/W4412070993","https://openalex.org/W6948349386","https://openalex.org/W7124290634","https://openalex.org/W7130823740","https://openalex.org/W7161127264"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2973965384","https://openalex.org/W7140211381","https://openalex.org/W6921226298","https://openalex.org/W7117708578","https://openalex.org/W4380683565","https://openalex.org/W3041661286","https://openalex.org/W3027293559","https://openalex.org/W4310267048","https://openalex.org/W3021729267","https://openalex.org/W3122337162"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Saltmarshes":[1],"are":[2,237],"increasingly":[3],"recognised":[4],"for":[5,31,185,213],"their":[6],"ecological":[7,15],"value.":[8],"Their":[9],"diverse":[10],"nature,":[11],"occurrence":[12,18],"amongst":[13],"complex":[14],"mosaics,":[16],"and":[17,22,29,64,80,96,110,125,143,166,216,221,230],"in":[19,39],"both":[20],"tidal-influenced":[21],"isolated":[23],"inland":[24,95,241],"contexts":[25],"demand":[26],"precise":[27],"delineations":[28],"classifications":[30,217],"effective":[32],"protection.":[33],"This":[34],"study":[35,209],"classifies":[36],"tropical":[37],"saltmarshes":[38,138,220,236],"the":[40,50,183,201,211,223],"Indian":[41],"Ocean":[42],"region":[43],"through":[44],"a":[45,91,171],"literature":[46],"review":[47,89],"to":[48,100,225,233],"identify":[49],"ambiguities.":[51],"Vegetation":[52],"based":[53],"mapping":[54],"using":[55,73],"three":[56],"approaches":[57],"(object-based":[58],"image":[59,62,105,108,145,164,168],"classification,":[60,63,106,109],"pixel-based":[61,107,144,167],"satellite":[65,111,154,202],"embedding":[66,112,155,203],"dataset":[67,113,156,204],"with":[68,114,150,157,205],"supervised":[69,115,158,206],"classification)":[70],"was":[71],"tested":[72],"field":[74],"survey":[75],"data":[76,196,232],"collected":[77],"between":[78],"2024":[79],"2025,":[81],"covering":[82],"half":[83],"of":[84,94,120,175,179,188,218],"Sri":[85,180],"Lanka\u2019s":[86],"coastline.":[87],"The":[88,208],"revealed":[90],"common":[92],"conflation":[93],"coastal":[97,172,219,235],"saltmarshes,":[98],"leading":[99],"inconsistent":[101],"extent":[102],"estimates.":[103],"Object-based":[104,163],"classification":[116,146,159,165,169],"yielded":[117],"saltmarsh":[118,161,173],"extents":[119],"16,406.74":[121],"ha,":[122,124,127],"15,995.50":[123],"40,410.12":[126],"respectively.":[128],"Field":[129],"surveys":[130],"were":[131],"carried":[132],"out,":[133],"focusing":[134],"on":[135],"succulent":[136],"dominated":[137],"validating":[139],"15,807":[140],"ha.":[141],"Object":[142],"results":[147],"closely":[148],"aligned":[149],"this":[151],"data,":[152],"while":[153],"overestimated":[160],"extent.":[162],"estimated":[170],"coverage":[174],"less":[176],"than":[177],"0.25%":[178],"Lanka,":[181],"highlighting":[182],"need":[184,212,224],"greater":[186],"protection":[187],"these":[189],"ecosystems":[190],"from":[191,239],"further":[192],"loss.":[193],"More":[194],"training":[195],"could":[197],"reduce":[198],"overestimation":[199],"by":[200],"classification.":[207],"highlights":[210],"better":[214],"definitions":[215],"urges":[222],"integrate":[226],"vegetation,":[227],"geomorphology,":[228],"hydrology":[229],"climatic":[231],"ensure":[234],"segregated":[238],"saline":[240],"saltmarshes.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-02-14T00:00:00"}