{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128738482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48448/a3s4-yr85","title":"An Information Theoretic Evaluation Metric for Strong Unlearning","display_name":"An Information Theoretic Evaluation Metric for Strong Unlearning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128738482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48448/a3s4-yr85"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48448/a3s4-yr85","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48448/a3s4-yr85","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48448/a3s4-yr85","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407053148","display_name":"Underline Science Inc.","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Audiovisual"},"volume":null,"type":"other","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48448/a3s4-yr85","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125741655","display_name":"Association for Artificial Intelligence 2026","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Association for Artificial Intelligence 2026","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140856157","display_name":"Jonghyun Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7934-8434","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7934-8434"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Choi, Jonghyun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Seoul National University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125733578","display_name":"Chun Dongjae","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongjae, Chun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yonsei University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yonsei University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094581156","display_name":"Wonje Jeung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8975-5720","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8975-5720"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeung, Wonje","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125740333","display_name":"Taeheon Kim","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kim, Taeheon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Seoul National University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049196468","display_name":"Albert No","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6346-4182","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6346-4182"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"No, Albert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yonsei University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yonsei University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-unlearning","display_name":"machine unlearning","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mutual-information","display_name":"mutual information","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intermediate-features","display_name":"intermediate features","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual-information","display_name":"residual information","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy","display_name":"privacy","score":0.3889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/right-to-be-forgotten","display_name":"right to be forgotten","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-network","display_name":"deep neural network","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/membership-inference-attacks","display_name":"membership inference attacks","score":0.6510000228881836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.6636999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6586999893188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7149132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1377840","display_name":"Forgetting","level":2,"score":0.6388999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5594000220298767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5327000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152139883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252973","display_name":"Mutual information","level":2,"score":0.4950999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.48820000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4207000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4090000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38764148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17098245","display_name":"Interaction information","level":2,"score":0.3874000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.35510000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.34880000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.3391999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131222","display_name":"Information theory","level":2,"score":0.30820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137822555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2587068","display_name":"Information sensitivity","level":2,"score":0.3070000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.2759999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.272599995136261}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48448/a3s4-yr85","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48448/a3s4-yr85","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48448/a3s4-yr85","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407053148","display_name":"Underline Science Inc.","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Audiovisual"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48448/a3s4-yr85","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48448/a3s4-yr85","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48448/a3s4-yr85","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407053148","display_name":"Underline Science Inc.","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Audiovisual"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7153987952","https://openalex.org/W4413680100","https://openalex.org/W4410492196","https://openalex.org/W7196988070","https://openalex.org/W4321471480","https://openalex.org/W7163736211","https://openalex.org/W4391591580","https://openalex.org/W4407630019","https://openalex.org/W3161131473","https://openalex.org/W7119512872"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machine":[0],"unlearning":[1,126,138,151],"(MU)":[2],"aims":[3],"to":[4,26,74,117],"remove":[5],"the":[6,24,33,42,87,115,135],"influence":[7],"of":[8,60,125,137],"specific":[9],"data":[10],"from":[11,38],"trained":[12],"models,":[13],"addressing":[14],"privacy":[15],"concerns":[16],"and":[17,64,114,142],"ensuring":[18],"compliance":[19],"with":[20],"regulations":[21],"such":[22,57],"as":[23,58],"\"right":[25],"be":[27,118],"forgotten.\"":[28],"Evaluating":[29],"strong":[30,150],"unlearning,":[31],"where":[32],"unlearned":[34],"model":[35,69],"is":[36],"indistinguishable":[37],"one":[39],"retrained":[40],"without":[41],"forgetting":[43],"data,":[44],"remains":[45],"a":[46,92,121,145],"significant":[47],"challenge":[48],"in":[49,78,104,152],"deep":[50],"neural":[51],"networks":[52],"(DNNs).":[53],"Common":[54],"black-box":[55],"metrics,":[56],"variants":[59],"membership":[61],"inference":[62],"attacks":[63],"accuracy":[65],"comparisons,":[66],"primarily":[67],"assess":[68],"outputs":[70],"but":[71],"often":[72],"fail":[73],"capture":[75],"residual":[76],"information":[77,98,103,110],"intermediate":[79,105],"layers.":[80],"To":[81],"bridge":[82],"this":[83],"gap,":[84],"we":[85],"introduce":[86],"Information":[88],"Difference":[89],"Index":[90],"(IDI),":[91],"novel":[93],"white-box":[94],"metric":[95],"inspired":[96],"by":[97,107],"theory.":[99],"IDI":[100,132],"quantifies":[101],"retained":[102],"features":[106,113],"measuring":[108],"mutual":[109],"between":[111],"those":[112],"labels":[116],"forgotten,":[119],"offering":[120],"more":[122],"comprehensive":[123],"assessment":[124],"efficacy.":[127],"Our":[128],"experiments":[129],"demonstrate":[130],"that":[131],"effectively":[133],"measures":[134],"degree":[136],"across":[139],"various":[140],"datasets":[141],"architectures,":[143],"providing":[144],"reliable":[146],"tool":[147],"for":[148],"evaluating":[149],"DNNs.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-02-13T00:00:00"}