{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128735285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1781564","title":"Expert consensus on gamification strategies for ICT courses in higher education: a modified Delphi approach","display_name":"Expert consensus on gamification strategies for ICT courses in higher education: a modified Delphi approach","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128735285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1781564"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1781564","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1781564","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1781564","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/education/articles/10.3389/feduc.2026.1781564/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596526815","display_name":"Frontiers in Education","issn_l":"2504-284X","issn":["2504-284X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/education/articles/10.3389/feduc.2026.1781564/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059531163","display_name":"Lorena Jaramillo-Mediavilla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6366-6702","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6366-6702"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130315","display_name":"Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Norte","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0t8b71","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130315"]}],"countries":["EC"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lorena Jaramillo-Mediavilla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research, Education, Science, and Technology Group - GIECYT, Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Norte"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research, Education, Science, and Technology Group - GIECYT, Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Norte","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028317388","display_name":"Andrea Basantes-Andrade","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1045-2126","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1045-2126"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130315","display_name":"Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Norte","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0t8b71","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130315"]}],"countries":["EC"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Basantes-Andrade","raw_affiliation_strings":["Network Science Research Group e-CIER, Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Norte"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Network Science Research Group e-CIER, Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Norte","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059459064","display_name":"Sonia Casillas Mart\u00edn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5304-534X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5304-534X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184999862","display_name":"Universidad de Salamanca","ror":"https://ror.org/02f40zc51","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184999862"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sonia Casillas-Mart\u00edn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Education, Universidad de Salamanca"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Education, Universidad de Salamanca","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184999862"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152350064","display_name":"Marcos Cabezas-Gonz\u00e1lez","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184999862","display_name":"Universidad de Salamanca","ror":"https://ror.org/02f40zc51","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184999862"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcos Cabezas-Gonz\u00e1lez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Education, Universidad de Salamanca"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Education, Universidad de Salamanca","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184999862"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059531163"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130315"],"apc_list":{"value":1950,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2353},"apc_paid":{"value":1950,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2353},"fwci":10.7488,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96388614,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11197","display_name":"Digital Games and Media","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gamification","display_name":"gamification","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ict-education","display_name":"ICT education","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-education","display_name":"higher education","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-elements","display_name":"game elements","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expert-consensus","display_name":"expert consensus","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/points-and-rewards","display_name":"points and rewards","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/badges","display_name":"badges","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leaderboards","display_name":"leaderboards","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-motivation","display_name":"student motivation","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-learning","display_name":"active learning","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teacher-education","display_name":"teacher professional development","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feedback-mechanisms","display_name":"feedback mechanisms","score":0.3779999911785126}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60641444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841602","display_name":"Delphi method","level":2,"score":0.7131999731063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105776082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q617473","display_name":"Likert scale","level":2,"score":0.5692999958992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779495148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q487378","display_name":"Delphi","level":2,"score":0.5038999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67363961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5268834","display_name":"Information and Communications Technology","level":2,"score":0.4984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74196892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7781188","display_name":"Thematic analysis","level":3,"score":0.4830000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.47600001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.46700000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776640315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315941","display_name":"Respondent","level":2,"score":0.4440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4318000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.35440000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85973986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091731","display_name":"Exploratory research","level":2,"score":0.33340001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106906290","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140909","display_name":"Cronbach's alpha","level":3,"score":0.3068999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.296099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87156501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268708","display_name":"Qualitative property","level":2,"score":0.2921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.28519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.27489998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104054115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216828","display_name":"Cohesion (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778757428","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1250464","display_name":"Realm","level":2,"score":0.2599000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.2565999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5041995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853745","display_name":"Engineering education","level":2,"score":0.2533999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1781564","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1781564","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1781564","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/education/articles/10.3389/feduc.2026.1781564/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596526815","display_name":"Frontiers in Education","issn_l":"2504-284X","issn":["2504-284X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:gredos.usal.es:10366/170174","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10366/170174","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196290","display_name":"Gredos (University of Salamanca)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184999862","host_organization_name":"Universidad de Salamanca","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184999862"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hispana.mcu.es:62641389","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10366/170174","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196108","display_name":"Hispana","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d5cd90a63f1b40cfb8962ecf55859c5f","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d5cd90a63f1b40cfb8962ecf55859c5f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Education, Vol 11 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1781564","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1781564","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1781564","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/education/articles/10.3389/feduc.2026.1781564/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596526815","display_name":"Frontiers in Education","issn_l":"2504-284X","issn":["2504-284X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.975600004196167,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128735285.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128735285.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963879048","https://openalex.org/W2013897994","https://openalex.org/W2017265038","https://openalex.org/W2583504027","https://openalex.org/W2590009086","https://openalex.org/W2618084847","https://openalex.org/W2902498492","https://openalex.org/W2984792113","https://openalex.org/W3016249157","https://openalex.org/W3083662339","https://openalex.org/W3092116318","https://openalex.org/W3095879635","https://openalex.org/W3108257182","https://openalex.org/W3170399214","https://openalex.org/W3196862741","https://openalex.org/W3207257000","https://openalex.org/W4213422834","https://openalex.org/W4220935929","https://openalex.org/W4281646457","https://openalex.org/W4282920075","https://openalex.org/W4282930007","https://openalex.org/W4283692839","https://openalex.org/W4292509071","https://openalex.org/W4292980143","https://openalex.org/W4293812917","https://openalex.org/W4312059763","https://openalex.org/W4375927914","https://openalex.org/W4384073798","https://openalex.org/W4386564255","https://openalex.org/W4390747498","https://openalex.org/W4391061837","https://openalex.org/W4391540761","https://openalex.org/W4391974328","https://openalex.org/W4392363479","https://openalex.org/W4392661775","https://openalex.org/W4393379286","https://openalex.org/W4401584992","https://openalex.org/W4402311493","https://openalex.org/W4403811527","https://openalex.org/W4403845615","https://openalex.org/W4405337230","https://openalex.org/W4407366205","https://openalex.org/W4407742257","https://openalex.org/W6929223147","https://openalex.org/W6966883252"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4399811899","https://openalex.org/W4392139667","https://openalex.org/W7037573226","https://openalex.org/W7163733923","https://openalex.org/W3162706434","https://openalex.org/W4390747498","https://openalex.org/W4379794250","https://openalex.org/W7130318671","https://openalex.org/W4410457966","https://openalex.org/W7207544927"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Teaching":[0],"Information":[1],"and":[2,18,35,46,94,128,162,173,183,186,192,208,214,220,239,245,274,311],"Communication":[3],"Technologies":[4],"(ICT)":[5],"in":[6,51,74,87,228,308],"higher":[7,75,309],"education":[8,310],"faces":[9],"the":[10,66,187,199,231,246,256,285,302,313],"challenge":[11],"of":[12,125,131,143,190,201,233,287,304],"engaging":[13],"students":[14],"accustomed":[15],"to":[16,31,61,203,215,230],"interactive":[17],"digital":[19],"learning":[20,306],"environments.":[21],"Although":[22],"gamification":[23,44,69,202,260],"has":[24],"emerged":[25],"as":[26,253],"a":[27,82,95,99,109,296],"promising":[28],"pedagogical":[29],"strategy":[30],"enhance":[32],"motivation,":[33],"participation,":[34],"learning,":[36],"there":[37],"is":[38,261,283,291],"still":[39],"no":[40,279],"consensus":[41,195],"on":[42,108,248],"which":[43],"elements":[45],"strategies":[47,241],"should":[48],"be":[49],"prioritized":[50,171],"ICT":[52,72,268],"courses.":[53],"To":[54],"address":[55],"this":[56,58],"gap,":[57],"study":[59,80],"aimed":[60],"identify,":[62],"through":[63],"expert":[64],"consensus,":[65],"most":[67,262],"relevant":[68],"components":[70],"for":[71,301,315],"teaching":[73],"education.":[76],"A":[77],"modified":[78],"Delphi":[79,151],"with":[81,139],"mixed-methods":[83],"design":[84,303],"was":[85,196],"conducted":[86],"two":[88],"rounds:":[89],"an":[90,140],"open":[91],"exploratory":[92],"phase":[93],"structured":[96],"round":[97],"using":[98],"five-point":[100],"Likert":[101],"scale.":[102],"Twelve":[103],"experts":[104,170],"were":[105,251],"selected":[106],"based":[107],"competence":[110],"coefficient":[111,124,130],"(K":[112],"\u2265":[113,164],"0.75).":[114],"Quantitative":[115],"analyses":[116],"included":[117],"means,":[118],"standard":[119],"deviations,":[120],"interquartile":[121],"range":[122],"(IQR),":[123],"variation":[126],"(CV),":[127],"Kendall\u2019s":[129],"concordance":[132],"(W),":[133],"complemented":[134],"by":[135,181,271],"qualitative":[136],"thematic":[137],"coding":[138],"inter-coder":[141],"reliability":[142],"\u03ba":[144],"=":[145,178,212,237,243],"0.82.":[146],"Consensus":[147],"thresholds":[148],"followed":[149,180],"current":[150],"standards":[152],"(\u2265":[153],"80%":[154],"agreement,":[155],"IQR":[156],"\u2264":[157,160],"1,":[158],"CV":[159],"0.30,":[161],"W":[163,177,211],"0.60).":[165],"The":[166],"results":[167,294],"indicate":[168],"that":[169,259],"challenges":[172],"quests":[174],"(83%":[175],"agreement;":[176],"0.66),":[179],"points":[182],"rewards":[184],"(67%)":[185],"complementary":[188],"use":[189,286],"badges":[191],"leaderboards.":[193],"Strong":[194],"reached":[197],"regarding":[198],"potential":[200],"strengthen":[204],"problem-solving,":[205],"critical":[206],"thinking,":[207],"collaboration":[209],"(100%;":[210],"0.90),":[213],"increase":[216],"active":[217],"participation":[218],"(100%)":[219],"promote":[221],"deep":[222],"understanding":[223],"(83%).":[224],"However,":[225],"heterogeneity":[226],"persisted":[227],"relation":[229],"selection":[232,289],"technological":[234,281],"platforms":[235],"(W":[236,242],"0.27)":[238],"specific":[240],"0.28),":[244],"effects":[247],"academic":[249],"performance":[250],"reported":[252],"inconsistent.":[254],"Overall,":[255],"findings":[257],"suggest":[258],"effective":[263],"when":[264],"systematically":[265],"integrated":[266],"into":[267],"curricula,":[269],"supported":[270],"teacher":[272],"training":[273],"immediate":[275],"feedback":[276],"mechanisms.":[277],"As":[278],"universal":[280],"platform":[282],"recommended,":[284],"contextual":[288],"criteria":[290],"essential.":[292],"These":[293],"provide":[295],"conceptually":[297],"validated":[298],"reference":[299],"framework":[300],"gamified":[305],"experiences":[307],"underscore":[312],"need":[314],"further":[316],"empirical":[317],"validation":[318],"across":[319],"diverse":[320],"educational":[321],"contexts.":[322]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-02-13T00:00:00"}
