{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128735014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36922/eer025480081","title":"Water treatment using silver-iron-modified biochar for enhanced disinfection and sustainability","display_name":"Water treatment using silver-iron-modified biochar for enhanced disinfection and sustainability","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128735014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36922/eer025480081"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.36922/eer025480081","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36922/eer025480081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36922/eer025480081","pdf_url":"https://api-journal.accscience.com/uploads/file/20260212/c6c965ee2598cabb4fbf934e09c14cd3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407047774","display_name":"Explora Environment and Resource","issn_l":"3060-9046","issn":["3060-9046"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Explora: Environment and Resource","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://api-journal.accscience.com/uploads/file/20260212/c6c965ee2598cabb4fbf934e09c14cd3.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113908776","display_name":"Chee Chung Wong","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387156232","display_name":"University of Technology Sarawak","ror":"https://ror.org/03d2p2e72","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387156232"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chee Chung Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Research of Innovation and Sustainable Development , School of Engineering and Technology , University of Technology Sarawak , Sibu , Sarawak , Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Research of Innovation and Sustainable Development , School of Engineering and Technology , University of Technology Sarawak , Sibu , Sarawak , Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387156232"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125736302","display_name":"Yong Yee Chua","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387156232","display_name":"University of Technology Sarawak","ror":"https://ror.org/03d2p2e72","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387156232"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Yee Chua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Research of Innovation and Sustainable Development , School of Engineering and Technology , University of Technology Sarawak , Sibu , Sarawak , Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Research of Innovation and Sustainable Development , School of Engineering and Technology , University of Technology Sarawak , Sibu , Sarawak , Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387156232"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088667183","display_name":"Peter Nai Yuh Yek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7041-0441","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7041-0441"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peter Nai Yuh Yek","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049745497","display_name":"Chee Swee Wong","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387156232","display_name":"University of Technology Sarawak","ror":"https://ror.org/03d2p2e72","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387156232"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chee Swee Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Research of Innovation and Sustainable Development , School of Engineering and Technology , University of Technology Sarawak , Sibu , Sarawak , Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Research of Innovation and Sustainable Development , School of Engineering and Technology , University of Technology Sarawak , Sibu , Sarawak , Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387156232"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035946746","display_name":"Tung Chuan Tiong","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tung Chuan Tiong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048730027","display_name":"Yie Hua Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1998-8181","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1998-8181"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yie Hua Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082585760","display_name":"Rock Keey Liew","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8858-237X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8858-237X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rock Keey Liew","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028856810","display_name":"Shin Ying Foong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4388-5801","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4388-5801"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157696592","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu","ror":"https://ror.org/02474f074","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157696592"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shin Ying Foong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) , Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP) , Universiti Malaysia Terengganu , Kuala Nerus , Terengganu , Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) , Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP) , Universiti Malaysia Terengganu , Kuala Nerus , Terengganu , Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157696592"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023407956","display_name":"Su Shiung Lam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5318-1760","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5318-1760"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I101407740","display_name":"Chandigarh University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t4pvx35","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I101407740"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157696592","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu","ror":"https://ror.org/02474f074","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157696592"]}],"countries":["IN","MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Su Shiung Lam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) , Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP) , Universiti Malaysia Terengganu , Kuala Nerus , Terengganu , Malaysia","University Centre for Research and Development , Department of Chemistry , Chandigarh University , Gharuan , Mohali , Punjab , India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) , Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP) , Universiti Malaysia Terengganu , Kuala Nerus , Terengganu , Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157696592"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Centre for Research and Development , Department of Chemistry , Chandigarh University , Gharuan , Mohali , Punjab , India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101407740"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125762651","display_name":"Ding Lu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143593769","display_name":"East China University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01vyrm377","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143593769"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ding Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Resources and Environmental Engineering , Institute of Clean Coal Technology , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Resources and Environmental Engineering , Institute of Clean Coal Technology , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143593769"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023407956","https://openalex.org/A5088667183"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101407740","https://openalex.org/I157696592"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.03830261,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"1","first_page":"025480081","last_page":"025480081"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10078","display_name":"Advanced Photocatalysis Techniques","score":0.8389000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10078","display_name":"Advanced Photocatalysis Techniques","score":0.8389000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10079","display_name":"Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications","score":0.03440000116825104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11493","display_name":"Water Treatment and Disinfection","score":0.027400000020861626,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biochar","display_name":"biochar","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photocatalysis","display_name":"photocatalysis","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visible-light-photocatalysis","display_name":"visible light photocatalysis","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-disinfection","display_name":"water disinfection","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bacterial-inactivation","display_name":"bacterial inactivation","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silver-nanoparticles","display_name":"silver nanoparticles","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iron-oxide","display_name":"iron oxide","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antimicrobial-materials","display_name":"antimicrobial materials","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathogenic-microorganisms","display_name":"pathogenic microorganisms","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainable-water-treatment","display_name":"sustainable water treatment","score":0.7609999775886536}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56085101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905495","display_name":"Biochar","level":3,"score":0.9261999726295471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190960625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058719","display_name":"Water treatment","level":2,"score":0.576200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5687000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65165184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218831","display_name":"Photocatalysis","level":3,"score":0.5297999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.49129998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107872376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","level":1,"score":0.4189999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.4034999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115540264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2945560","display_name":"Biomass (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.4016999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39833","display_name":"Microorganism","level":3,"score":0.37959998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.37860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112570922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60528603","display_name":"Contamination","level":2,"score":0.37779998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94061648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336191","display_name":"Wastewater","level":2,"score":0.36419999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528095902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886","display_name":"Pulp and paper industry","level":1,"score":0.357699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777569206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315837","display_name":"Resource recovery","level":3,"score":0.3560999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.3237000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.3142000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57442070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221275","display_name":"Sewage treatment","level":2,"score":0.3057999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104663316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76299","display_name":"Visible spectrum","level":2,"score":0.2992999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143517461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138571","display_name":"Renewable resource","level":3,"score":0.29330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020418061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1463025","display_name":"Water disinfection","level":2,"score":0.29260000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92376884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1162199","display_name":"Portable water purification","level":2,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82685317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19829510","display_name":"Pollutant","level":2,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40231798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1333743","display_name":"Composition (language)","level":2,"score":0.2597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992865130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183129","display_name":"Contaminated water","level":2,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4937899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68541106","display_name":"Antimicrobial","level":2,"score":0.25440001487731934}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.36922/eer025480081","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36922/eer025480081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36922/eer025480081","pdf_url":"https://api-journal.accscience.com/uploads/file/20260212/c6c965ee2598cabb4fbf934e09c14cd3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407047774","display_name":"Explora Environment and Resource","issn_l":"3060-9046","issn":["3060-9046"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Explora: Environment and Resource","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.36922/eer025480081","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36922/eer025480081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36922/eer025480081","pdf_url":"https://api-journal.accscience.com/uploads/file/20260212/c6c965ee2598cabb4fbf934e09c14cd3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407047774","display_name":"Explora Environment and Resource","issn_l":"3060-9046","issn":["3060-9046"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Explora: Environment and Resource","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":1.0,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":0.8799999952316284,"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128735014.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128735014.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2558350292","https://openalex.org/W2592181859","https://openalex.org/W2608128965","https://openalex.org/W2909291137","https://openalex.org/W3016463754","https://openalex.org/W3026860078","https://openalex.org/W3131404287","https://openalex.org/W3133998669","https://openalex.org/W3196326694","https://openalex.org/W3209169567","https://openalex.org/W4281992162","https://openalex.org/W4381952926","https://openalex.org/W4386170486","https://openalex.org/W4386280069","https://openalex.org/W4386865725","https://openalex.org/W4386892650","https://openalex.org/W4392710186","https://openalex.org/W4402013472","https://openalex.org/W4404394943","https://openalex.org/W4409203453"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7221749299","https://openalex.org/W3196423201","https://openalex.org/W7161280085","https://openalex.org/W2331487945","https://openalex.org/W6969522135","https://openalex.org/W4382062694","https://openalex.org/W2550931871","https://openalex.org/W3168113764","https://openalex.org/W7127044045","https://openalex.org/W3008595378"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,41,79],"contamination":[1],"of":[2,34,53,64,88,94,108],"water":[3,20,57],"resources":[4],"by":[5],"pathogenic":[6],"microorganisms":[7],"remains":[8],"a":[9,69,98,106,131],"critical":[10],"global":[11],"challenge,":[12],"predominantly":[13],"in":[14],"low-":[15],"and":[16,26,37,47,90,112],"middle-income":[17],"countries.":[18],"Conventional":[19],"treatment":[21],"technologies,":[22],"such":[23],"as":[24,68],"chlorination":[25],"filtration,":[27],"often":[28],"face":[29],"drawbacks,":[30],"including":[31],"the":[32,51,62,85,91],"formation":[33],"harmful":[35],"byproducts":[36],"high":[38,76],"operational":[39],"costs.":[40],"increasing":[42],"demand":[43],"for":[44,56],"efficient,":[45],"sustainable,":[46],"scalable":[48],"solutions":[49],"necessitates":[50],"exploration":[52],"advanced":[54],"materials":[55],"disinfection.":[58],"This":[59],"study":[60],"investigates":[61],"potential":[63,132],"silver-iron":[65],"(Ag-Fe)-modified":[66],"biochar":[67,129],"photocatalyst":[70],"under":[71,124],"visible":[72,125],"light":[73,126],"to":[74,134],"achieve":[75],"microbial":[77],"inactivation.":[78],"material":[80],"demonstrates":[81],"dual":[82],"functionality":[83],"through":[84],"antibacterial":[86],"effects":[87],"Ag":[89,111],"photocatalytic":[92],"activity":[93],"Fe,":[95],"integrated":[96],"within":[97],"renewable":[99],"biochar.":[100],"Elemental":[101],"composition":[102,107],"analysis":[103],"shows":[104],"that":[105],"4.3":[109],"wt%":[110,114],"30.0":[113],"Fe":[115],"enhances":[116],"antimicrobial":[117],"performance.":[118],"Experimental":[119],"results":[120],"indicate":[121],"bacterial":[122],"inactivation":[123],"conditions.":[127],"Ag-Fe-modified":[128],"presents":[130],"alternative":[133],"conventional":[135],"disinfection":[136],"methods.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-02-13T00:00:00"}
