{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128723980","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48448/gvcg-9d62","title":"Diverse Human Driving Vehicle Simulation in Background Traffic for Autonomous Driving Tests","display_name":"Diverse Human Driving Vehicle Simulation in Background Traffic for Autonomous Driving Tests","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128723980","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48448/gvcg-9d62"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48448/gvcg-9d62","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48448/gvcg-9d62","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48448/gvcg-9d62","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407053148","display_name":"Underline Science Inc.","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Audiovisual"},"volume":null,"type":"other","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48448/gvcg-9d62","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125741655","display_name":"Association for Artificial Intelligence 2026","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Association for Artificial Intelligence 2026","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125763950","display_name":"Han Gao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gao, Han","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125757745","display_name":"Wendi Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Wendi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032564674","display_name":"Bing Mao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7066-2144","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7066-2144"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mao, Bing","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125706781","display_name":"HAO WU","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0795-3790","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0795-3790"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wu, Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125744136","display_name":"Fengyuan Xu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu, Fengyuan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125736219","display_name":"Sheng Zhong","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhong, Sheng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9496999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9496999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.0210999995470047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.013199999928474426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomous-vehicle-testing","display_name":"autonomous vehicle testing","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/background-traffic","display_name":"background traffic","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-modeling","display_name":"cognitive modeling","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carla-simulator","display_name":"CARLA simulator","score":0.4449999928474426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780689630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2081815","display_name":"Driving simulator","level":2,"score":0.6527000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5983999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986187985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2081815","display_name":"Driving simulation","level":2,"score":0.5687999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141353440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182221","display_name":"Fuse (electrical)","level":2,"score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5030999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.47690001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.45159998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778391309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832527","display_name":"Traffic simulation","level":3,"score":0.42660000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3781000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.3700999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87833898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060280","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","level":2,"score":0.3190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.30709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30480000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167343916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888384","display_name":"Modeling and simulation","level":2,"score":0.299699991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117035363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3769299","display_name":"Human behavior","level":2,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79487989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934680","display_name":"Vehicle dynamics","level":2,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985695025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4323994","display_name":"Road traffic","level":2,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777745276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1392263","display_name":"Driving test","level":3,"score":0.2565999925136566}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48448/gvcg-9d62","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48448/gvcg-9d62","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48448/gvcg-9d62","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407053148","display_name":"Underline Science Inc.","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Audiovisual"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48448/gvcg-9d62","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48448/gvcg-9d62","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48448/gvcg-9d62","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407053148","display_name":"Underline Science Inc.","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Audiovisual"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7128728784","https://openalex.org/W7077897339","https://openalex.org/W7106782684","https://openalex.org/W4414982678","https://openalex.org/W2153793558","https://openalex.org/W4416039990","https://openalex.org/W4285266601","https://openalex.org/W7005971196","https://openalex.org/W4292793951","https://openalex.org/W4415101243"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Realistic":[0],"background":[1,32],"traffic":[2,33,103,174],"is":[3,34,67,87,196],"critical":[4],"to":[5,30,38,60,128,157,162,181],"the":[6,31,47,130,191],"simulation":[7,48,104,177],"platforms":[8,108,178],"for":[9],"autonomous":[10],"driving":[11,27,82,135,165,168],"(AD)":[12],"testing.":[13],"Given":[14],"most":[15],"of":[16,42,72,132,141,186,193],"vehicles":[17,29],"in":[18,46,111,120,145],"reality":[19],"are":[20,116],"driven":[21],"by":[22,89,137],"human":[23,26,63,81,134],"beings,":[24],"introducing":[25],"(HD)":[28],"necessary":[35],"and":[36,70,93,100,190],"able":[37],"discover":[39],"more":[40,184],"problems":[41],"tested":[43,187],"AD":[44,106,188],"vehicle":[45,83],"stage.":[49],"However,":[50],"existing":[51],"methods":[52],"rely":[53],"on":[54,105],"ad-hoc":[55],"rules":[56],"or":[57],"data-driven":[58],"trainings":[59],"mimic":[61],"partial":[62],"driver":[64],"behaviors,":[65],"which":[66,86],"not":[68],"comprehensive":[69],"lack":[71],"transparency.":[73],"In":[74],"this":[75],"work,":[76],"we":[77,123,149],"design":[78,150],"a":[79,112,125,146,151],"smart":[80],"simulator":[84],"HDSim":[85,96,173],"empowered":[88],"cognitively":[90],"inspired":[91],"modeling":[92],"AI":[94],"models.":[95],"enables":[97],"diverse,":[98],"realistic":[99],"scalable":[101],"HD":[102],"testing":[107],"like":[109,179],"Carla":[110,180],"non-intrusive":[113],"measure.":[114],"There":[115],"two":[117],"novel":[118],"components":[119],"HDSim.":[121],"First,":[122],"introduce":[124],"formalized":[126],"model":[127],"guide":[129],"generation":[131],"diverse":[133],"styles":[136],"using":[138],"different":[139],"combinations":[140],"latent":[142],"cognitive":[143],"factors":[144],"hierarchy.":[147],"Second,":[148],"Perception-Mediated":[152],"Behavior":[153],"Influence":[154],"(PMBI)":[155],"mechanism":[156],"uses":[158],"LLM-assisted":[159],"perceptual":[160],"transformations":[161],"indirectly":[163],"fuse":[164],"actions":[166],"with":[167],"styles.":[169],"Experiments":[170],"show":[171],"that":[172],"can":[175],"help":[176],"reveal":[182],"68%":[183],"failures":[185],"vehicles,":[189],"explainability":[192],"reported":[194],"accidents":[195],"also":[197],"improved.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-02-13T00:00:00"}
