{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128722249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2026.102702","title":"Formal vs. informal authority: A mixed-methods study of nursing leadership and patient safety in Palestinian hospitals","display_name":"Formal vs. informal authority: A mixed-methods study of nursing leadership and patient safety in Palestinian hospitals","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128722249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2026.102702","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41687392"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2026.102702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2026.102702","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2026.102702","pdf_url":"https://www.nursingoutlook.org/article/S0029-6554(26)00025-4/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S163228481","display_name":"Nursing Outlook","issn_l":"0029-6554","issn":["0029-6554","1528-3968"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-2","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nursing Outlook","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.nursingoutlook.org/article/S0029-6554(26)00025-4/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074820752","display_name":"Ibrahim Fakhri Aqtam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6339-9176","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6339-9176"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405255751","display_name":"Nablus University for Vocational and Technical Education","ror":"https://ror.org/03crewh69","country_code":"PS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405255751"]}],"countries":["PS"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ibrahim Aqtam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ibn Sina College for Health Professions, Department of Nursing, Nablus University for Vocational and Technical Education, Nablus, Palestine. Electronic address: ibrahim.aqtam@nu-vte.edu.ps"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6339-9176","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ibn Sina College for Health Professions, Department of Nursing, Nablus University for Vocational and Technical Education, Nablus, Palestine. Electronic address: ibrahim.aqtam@nu-vte.edu.ps","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405255751"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005756188","display_name":"Mustafa Mohammad Shouli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0560-9327","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0560-9327","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0029-3395"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405255751","display_name":"Nablus University for Vocational and Technical Education","ror":"https://ror.org/03crewh69","country_code":"PS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405255751"]}],"countries":["PS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mustafa Shouli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ibn Sina College for Health Professions, Department of Nursing, Nablus University for Vocational and Technical Education, Nablus, Palestine"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0560-9327","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ibn Sina College for Health Professions, Department of Nursing, Nablus University for Vocational and Technical Education, Nablus, Palestine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405255751"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125765958","display_name":"Ehab Tumeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7824-2899","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7824-2899"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405255751","display_name":"Nablus University for Vocational and Technical Education","ror":"https://ror.org/03crewh69","country_code":"PS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405255751"]}],"countries":["PS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ehab Tumeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ibn Sina College for Health Professions, Department of Nursing, Nablus University for Vocational and Technical Education, Nablus, Palestine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ibn Sina College for Health Professions, Department of Nursing, Nablus University for Vocational and Technical Education, Nablus, Palestine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405255751"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017675817","display_name":"Ahmad Ayed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2164-8183","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2164-8183"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I53620714","display_name":"Arab American University","ror":"https://ror.org/04jmsq731","country_code":"PS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I53620714"]}],"countries":["PS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Ayed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Nursing, Arab American University, Jenin, Palestine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Nursing, Arab American University, Jenin, Palestine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53620714"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074820752"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405255751"],"apc_list":{"value":4260,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4260},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":63.162,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99971281,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":"2","first_page":"102702","last_page":"102702"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10186","display_name":"Nursing education and management","score":0.6762999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2922","display_name":"Research and Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10186","display_name":"Nursing education and management","score":0.6762999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2922","display_name":"Research and Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14316","display_name":"Nursing Education, Practice, and Leadership","score":0.21950000524520874,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2910","display_name":"Issues, ethics and legal aspects"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10508","display_name":"Patient Safety and Medication Errors","score":0.06830000132322311,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nursing-leadership","display_name":"nursing leadership","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-safety","display_name":"patient safety","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-authority","display_name":"formal authority","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/informal-authority","display_name":"informal authority","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hospital-governance","display_name":"hospital governance","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physician-dominance","display_name":"physician dominance","score":0.41100001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotional-labor","display_name":"emotional labor","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chief-nursing-officer","display_name":"chief nursing officer","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/palestinian-hospitals","display_name":"Palestinian hospitals","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/west-bank","display_name":"West Bank","score":0.7390000224113464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.7864999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779328685","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475557","display_name":"Patient safety","level":3,"score":0.7056000232696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4650000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.423799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114362828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23792","display_name":"Palestine","level":2,"score":0.40230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993797112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing practice","level":2,"score":0.40070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780344248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2084130","display_name":"Nursing management","level":2,"score":0.3424000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518773536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918533","display_name":"Nursing research","level":2,"score":0.3379000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.3070000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910125345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2084130","display_name":"Nurse Administrator","level":3,"score":0.30660000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106881830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1252626","display_name":"Team nursing","level":3,"score":0.30559998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019644165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing staff","level":2,"score":0.3052000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113616995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13378080","display_name":"Nurse education","level":2,"score":0.29600000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67674302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q730573","display_name":"Organizational culture","level":2,"score":0.28839999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105913360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7243152","display_name":"Primary nursing","level":3,"score":0.2718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198231283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7075801","display_name":"Occupational health nursing","level":4,"score":0.2621999979019165}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007857","descriptor_name":"Leadership","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008877","descriptor_name":"Middle East","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009718","descriptor_name":"Nurse Administrators","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009741","descriptor_name":"Nursing Staff, Hospital","qualifier_ui":"Q000458","qualifier_name":"organization & administration","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009741","descriptor_name":"Nursing Staff, Hospital","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D036301","descriptor_name":"Qualitative Research","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D061214","descriptor_name":"Patient Safety","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D061214","descriptor_name":"Patient Safety","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2026.102702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2026.102702","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2026.102702","pdf_url":"https://www.nursingoutlook.org/article/S0029-6554(26)00025-4/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S163228481","display_name":"Nursing Outlook","issn_l":"0029-6554","issn":["0029-6554","1528-3968"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-2","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nursing Outlook","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41687392","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41687392","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nursing outlook","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2026.102702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2026.102702","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2026.102702","pdf_url":"https://www.nursingoutlook.org/article/S0029-6554(26)00025-4/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S163228481","display_name":"Nursing Outlook","issn_l":"0029-6554","issn":["0029-6554","1528-3968"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-2","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nursing Outlook","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9391000270843506,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"score":0.7297000288963318,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128722249.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128722249.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979290264","https://openalex.org/W2148111600","https://openalex.org/W2252712082","https://openalex.org/W2320416594","https://openalex.org/W2770753781","https://openalex.org/W2966038178","https://openalex.org/W2997399982","https://openalex.org/W3081670557","https://openalex.org/W3111647097","https://openalex.org/W4286741929"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2272169398","https://openalex.org/W4220773114","https://openalex.org/W3111280486","https://openalex.org/W4406832883","https://openalex.org/W7165040883","https://openalex.org/W1980633506","https://openalex.org/W3159432686","https://openalex.org/W6967818113","https://openalex.org/W4408019116","https://openalex.org/W3130442788"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2026-02-13T00:00:00"}
