{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128550840","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64535/ijoru.v1i1.29","title":"Determination of Heavy Metal Levels in Surface Waters and Sediments of River Riana, Kisii County, Kenya","display_name":"Determination of Heavy Metal Levels in Surface Waters and Sediments of River Riana, Kisii County, Kenya","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128550840","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64535/ijoru.v1i1.29"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64535/ijoru.v1i1.29","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64535/ijoru.v1i1.29","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64535/ijoru.v1i1.29","pdf_url":"http://journals.rongovarsity.ac.ke/index.php/IJORU/article/download/29/10","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407053586","display_name":"International Research Journal of Rongo University","issn_l":"3005-7221","issn":["3005-7221","3005-723X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210102998","host_organization_name":"Rongo University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Research Journal of Rongo University","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"http://journals.rongovarsity.ac.ke/index.php/IJORU/article/download/29/10","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054403836","display_name":"Momanyi Thomas Mong'are","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9230-8542","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9230-8542"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102998","display_name":"Rongo University","ror":"https://ror.org/019z2v446","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102998"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Momanyi Mong'are","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rongo University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9230-8542","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rongo University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102998"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083905913","display_name":"John J. Ambuchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-1864","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-1864"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102998","display_name":"Rongo University","ror":"https://ror.org/019z2v446","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102998"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Justo Ambuchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rongo University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-1864","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rongo University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102998"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055265715","display_name":"Steve Omari Ngodhe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7149-3338","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7149-3338"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102998","display_name":"Rongo University","ror":"https://ror.org/019z2v446","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102998"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steve Omari Ngodhe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rongo University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7149-3338","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rongo University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102998"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125592592","display_name":"Joash Barack Okeyo-Owour","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102998","display_name":"Rongo University","ror":"https://ror.org/019z2v446","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102998"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joash Barack Okeyo-Owour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rongo University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rongo University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102998"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028926409","display_name":"Daniel Nyamai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2104-4503","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2104-4503"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102998","display_name":"Rongo University","ror":"https://ror.org/019z2v446","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102998"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Nyamai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rongo University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rongo University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102998"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008847082","display_name":"Francis Ongachi Olal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4928-5310","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4928-5310"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102998","display_name":"Rongo University","ror":"https://ror.org/019z2v446","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102998"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francis Olal Ongachi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rongo University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rongo University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102998"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034624186","display_name":"Amos Otieno Wanjara","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107289","display_name":"Kaimosi Friends University","ror":"https://ror.org/01gsxb553","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107289"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amos Otieno Wanjara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kaimosi Friends University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kaimosi Friends University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107289"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"1","first_page":"55","last_page":"72"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10139","display_name":"Heavy metals in environment","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10139","display_name":"Heavy metals in environment","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11634","display_name":"Water Quality and Pollution Assessment","score":0.011900000274181366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12780","display_name":"Heavy Metal Pollution Remediation","score":0.003100000089034438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heavy-metals","display_name":"heavy metals","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-water-pollution","display_name":"surface water contamination","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/river-sediments","display_name":"river sediments","score":0.953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seasonal-variation","display_name":"seasonal variation","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lead","display_name":"lead","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manganese","display_name":"manganese","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copper","display_name":"copper","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zinc","display_name":"zinc","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nickel","display_name":"nickel","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chromium","display_name":"chromium","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drinking-water-quality","display_name":"drinking water quality","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sediment-quality-guidelines","display_name":"sediment quality guidelines","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heavy-metal-pollution","display_name":"heavy metal contamination","score":0.48500001430511475}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8625798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752112","display_name":"Surface water","level":2,"score":0.7160999774932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107872376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","level":1,"score":0.6597999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6486999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2816523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180184","display_name":"Sediment","level":2,"score":0.6061000227928162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780797713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625376","display_name":"Water quality","level":2,"score":0.5892000198364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776053758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105789","display_name":"Heavy metals","level":2,"score":0.5145000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521259446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58734","display_name":"Pollution","level":2,"score":0.48350000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58790150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10966166","display_name":"Sewage","level":2,"score":0.42640000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90195498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183129","display_name":"Water pollution","level":2,"score":0.4244000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544153396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11426","display_name":"Metal","level":2,"score":0.40549999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778504605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83320","display_name":"Nitric acid","level":2,"score":0.39890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777777548","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206040","display_name":"Mercury (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.3978999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535196362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q758","display_name":"Zinc","level":2,"score":0.3725000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95974651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2454436","display_name":"Inductively coupled plasma","level":3,"score":0.34700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528890316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q731","display_name":"Manganese","level":2,"score":0.3138999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.3061999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778566039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7831165","display_name":"Trace metal","level":3,"score":0.2863999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88160329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47053","display_name":"Estuary","level":2,"score":0.2838999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.28380000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112570922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60528603","display_name":"Contamination","level":2,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175327387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3289906","display_name":"Aquatic ecosystem","level":2,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C510538283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q674","display_name":"Phosphorus","level":2,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780859252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11888968","display_name":"Sewage sludge","level":3,"score":0.26170000433921814}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64535/ijoru.v1i1.29","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64535/ijoru.v1i1.29","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64535/ijoru.v1i1.29","pdf_url":"http://journals.rongovarsity.ac.ke/index.php/IJORU/article/download/29/10","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407053586","display_name":"International Research Journal of Rongo University","issn_l":"3005-7221","issn":["3005-7221","3005-723X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210102998","host_organization_name":"Rongo University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Research Journal of Rongo University","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64535/ijoru.v1i1.29","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64535/ijoru.v1i1.29","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64535/ijoru.v1i1.29","pdf_url":"http://journals.rongovarsity.ac.ke/index.php/IJORU/article/download/29/10","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407053586","display_name":"International Research Journal of Rongo University","issn_l":"3005-7221","issn":["3005-7221","3005-723X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210102998","host_organization_name":"Rongo University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Research Journal of Rongo University","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128550840.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128550840.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4403231982","https://openalex.org/W4213446166","https://openalex.org/W4402698238","https://openalex.org/W4385551108","https://openalex.org/W4404516971","https://openalex.org/W7212139485","https://openalex.org/W4402411953","https://openalex.org/W4393356754","https://openalex.org/W6987131778","https://openalex.org/W4323028682"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,60,346,373],"paper,":[2],"some":[3],"trace":[4,343],"metals":[5,69,169,192,212,257,314,344,363],"were":[6,93,110,144,279,298],"seasonally":[7],"determined":[8,342],"for":[9,247,254,264,305,331,354],"six":[10],"months":[11],"between":[12],"January":[13],"-June":[14],"2021":[15],"(to":[16],"cover":[17],"both":[18,291],"the":[19,63,84,101,104,118,164,188,219,229,235,255,265,269,283,287,312,341,352],"wet":[20,288],"and":[21,27,44,46,56,75,80,83,103,114,127,142,184,206,215,221,231,261,272,294,307,321,345,367],"dry":[22,284],"seasons)":[23],"in":[24,32,77,140,170,193,258,268,290,309,329,364],"surface":[25,78,81,194,259,262,292,332],"water":[26,43,79,141,171,224,260,293,319,330],"sediments":[28,82,143,195,263,295,366],"from":[29,52,96],"River":[30,102,266,335],"Riana":[31,336],"Kisii":[33],"County.":[34],"The":[35,159,210,250,275,334],"river":[36,374],"is":[37],"an":[38,48],"important":[39],"source":[40],"of":[41,50,67,86,106,121,167,191,360],"drinking":[42,223,248],"fisheries":[45],"receives":[47],"array":[49],"wastes":[51],"agricultural,":[53],"industrial,":[54],"commercial":[55],"sewage":[57],"treatment.":[58],"Consequently,":[59],"study":[61],"evaluated":[62],"levels":[64],"or":[65],"concentrations":[66,109,139,233,241,253,278],"heavy":[68,107,168,211,256,276,313],"(Pb,":[70],"Cr.":[71],"Ni,":[72],"Mn,":[73],"Cu":[74,182,204,214],"Zn)":[76],"effect":[85],"seasonal":[87,301,325],"variations":[88,326],"on":[89],"their":[90],"concentrations.":[91],"Samples":[92],"collected":[94],"monthly":[95,252],"three":[97],"sampling":[98],"sites":[99],"along":[100],"results":[105,160],"metal":[108,277],"compared":[111],"with":[112,218,316],"national":[113],"international":[115],"guidelines":[116,131],"including":[117],"Kenya":[119],"Bureau":[120],"Standards,":[122],"World":[123],"Health":[124],"Organization":[125],"(KEBS/WHO)":[126],"WHO":[128,220,317],"sediment":[129],"quality":[130],"(SQGs)":[132],"respectively":[133],"to":[134],"establish":[135],"pollution":[136],"level.":[137],"Metal":[138],"analyzed":[145],"using":[146],"inductively":[147],"coupled":[148],"plasma":[149],"atomic":[150],"emission":[151],"spectroscopy":[152],"(Shimadzu":[153],"ICPE-9000)":[154],"after":[155],"nitric":[156],"acid":[157],"digestion.":[158],"obtained":[161],"showed":[162],"that":[163],"mean":[165,189,251],"range":[166,190],"(ppm)":[172],"were:":[173],"Pb":[174,198,230],"(0.031-0.196),":[175],"Cr":[176,200,306],"(<0.001-0.009),":[177],"Ni":[178,240],"(0.014-0.321),":[179],"Mn":[180,202,232,308],"(0.131-0.351).":[181],"(0.114-0.370)":[183],"Zn":[185,207,216],"(0.132-0.326)":[186],"while":[187,228],"(mg/kg)":[196],"was;":[197],"(0.041-8.74),":[199],"(0.001-1.31),":[201],"(276-692),":[203],"(1.35-9.74)":[205],"(6.37-15.67)":[208],"respectively.":[209,274],"Cr,":[213],"complied":[217,315],"KEBS":[222,243],"recommended":[225,236,358],"safe":[226,237,245],"limits":[227,238],"exceed":[234],"but":[239],"exceeded":[242],"recommend":[244],"limit":[246],"water.":[249,310],"decreased":[267],"order":[270],"Mn>Zn>Cu>Pb>Ni.>Cr":[271],"Mn>Zn>Cu>Ni>Pb.>Cr":[273],"generally":[280],"higher":[281],"during":[282],"season":[285,289],"than":[286],"however,":[296],"there":[297],"no":[299,323],"significant":[300,324],"differences":[302],"(p>0.05)":[303],"except":[304],"All":[311],"fresh":[318],"SQGs":[320],"exhibited":[322],"(p":[327],"\u22650.05)":[328],"sediments.":[333],"was":[337],"contaminated":[338],"by":[339],"all":[340],"indicated":[347],"potential":[348],"toxicity":[349],"risk,":[350],"thus":[351],"need":[353],"regular":[355],"monitoring.":[356],"We":[357],"determination":[359],"other":[361],"toxic":[362],"water,":[365],"biota":[368],"such":[369],"as":[370],"fish":[371],"form":[372]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-02-11T00:00:00"}