{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128518360","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojpel.2026.3663200","title":"Common-Mode Voltage Reduction in Three-Level T-Type Converters Using a Quadruple Reference Voltage-Based PWM Technique","display_name":"Common-Mode Voltage Reduction in Three-Level T-Type Converters Using a Quadruple Reference Voltage-Based PWM Technique","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128518360","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojpel.2026.3663200"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojpel.2026.3663200","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojpel.2026.3663200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojpel.2026.3663200","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210221189","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics","issn_l":"2644-1314","issn":["2644-1314"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojpel.2026.3663200","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032633831","display_name":"Samer Saleh Hakami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8851-430X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8851-430X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samer Saleh Hakami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Research Center for Sustainable Energy Systems (IRC-SES), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8851-430X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Research Center for Sustainable Energy Systems (IRC-SES), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018037011","display_name":"Sadeq Ali Qasem Mohammed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1820-6096","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1820-6096"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sadeq Ali Qasem Mohammed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Research Center for Sustainable Energy Systems (IRC-SES), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1820-6096","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Research Center for Sustainable Energy Systems (IRC-SES), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009248587","display_name":"Laith M. Halabi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2571-1960","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2571-1960"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405255751","display_name":"Nablus University for Vocational and Technical Education","ror":"https://ror.org/03crewh69","country_code":"PS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405255751"]}],"countries":["PS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laith M. Halabi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Technical and Vocational Engineering, Nablus University for Vocational and Technical Education, Nablus, Palestine"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2571-1960","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Technical and Vocational Engineering, Nablus University for Vocational and Technical Education, Nablus, Palestine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405255751"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025961252","display_name":"Mahmoud Kassas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2986-0509","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2986-0509"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahmoud Kassas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Research Center for Sustainable Energy Systems (IRC-SES), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2986-0509","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Research Center for Sustainable Energy Systems (IRC-SES), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046925943","display_name":"Mohammad M. Almuhaini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1163-0756","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1163-0756"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed M. AlMuhaini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Research Center for Sustainable Energy Systems (IRC-SES), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1163-0756","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Research Center for Sustainable Energy Systems (IRC-SES), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088638819","display_name":"M. A. Abido","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5292-6938","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5292-6938"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad A. Abido","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Research Center for Sustainable Energy Systems (IRC-SES), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5292-6938","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Research Center for Sustainable Energy Systems (IRC-SES), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"apc_paid":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"fwci":2.6739,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86645622,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"736","last_page":"748"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10228","display_name":"Multilevel Inverters and Converters","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10228","display_name":"Multilevel Inverters and Converters","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11444","display_name":"Electromagnetic Compatibility and Noise Suppression","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10573","display_name":"Power Quality and Harmonics","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/common-mode-voltage-reduction","display_name":"common-mode voltage reduction","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carrier-based-pwm","display_name":"carrier-based PWM","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-harmonic-distortion","display_name":"total harmonic distortion","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dc-link-capacitor-balancing","display_name":"DC-link capacitor balancing","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-interference-suppression","display_name":"electromagnetic interference suppression","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/three-phase-converter","display_name":"three-phase converter","score":0.6980000138282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42156128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162641","display_name":"Total harmonic distortion","level":3,"score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92746544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585184","display_name":"Pulse-width modulation","level":3,"score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779599953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1776117","display_name":"Ripple","level":3,"score":0.5498999953269958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5167999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778422915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10302051","display_name":"Converters","level":3,"score":0.49219998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.47119998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.4643000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131770355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q876215","display_name":"Harmonic analysis","level":2,"score":0.44929999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184652730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2357982","display_name":"Attenuation","level":2,"score":0.4471000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.44110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188414643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001183","display_name":"Harmonics","level":3,"score":0.4401000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184892835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474513","display_name":"Electromagnetic interference","level":2,"score":0.4381999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4352000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.42649999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127934551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148098","display_name":"Harmonic","level":2,"score":0.40209999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52192207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5322","display_name":"Capacitor","level":3,"score":0.39559999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39309999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.3441999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11930861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181417","display_name":"Frequency modulation","level":3,"score":0.3294000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.32359999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44351266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1465532","display_name":"Voltage reference","level":3,"score":0.3203999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80962145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207450","display_name":"Induction motor","level":3,"score":0.31630000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172849965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3148875","display_name":"Reference frame","level":3,"score":0.30160000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.29269999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150251571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2066418","display_name":"Pulse-frequency modulation","level":5,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102519508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6520159","display_name":"Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75172450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623950","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.25360000133514404}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojpel.2026.3663200","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojpel.2026.3663200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojpel.2026.3663200","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210221189","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics","issn_l":"2644-1314","issn":["2644-1314"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojpel.2026.3663200","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojpel.2026.3663200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojpel.2026.3663200","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210221189","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics","issn_l":"2644-1314","issn":["2644-1314"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4943999946117401,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322323","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1995295879","https://openalex.org/W2030973541","https://openalex.org/W2074398081","https://openalex.org/W2110614351","https://openalex.org/W2137265371","https://openalex.org/W2178968744","https://openalex.org/W2241878412","https://openalex.org/W2398790491","https://openalex.org/W2538777286","https://openalex.org/W2563414772","https://openalex.org/W2587686539","https://openalex.org/W2748466216","https://openalex.org/W2791646394","https://openalex.org/W2793970327","https://openalex.org/W2798752972","https://openalex.org/W3035012172","https://openalex.org/W3153010008","https://openalex.org/W3200723769","https://openalex.org/W4285205155","https://openalex.org/W4292826177","https://openalex.org/W4312329151","https://openalex.org/W4382998567","https://openalex.org/W4386737366","https://openalex.org/W4399739170"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2951693506","https://openalex.org/W4383748441","https://openalex.org/W1971875361","https://openalex.org/W2966515180","https://openalex.org/W2320177477","https://openalex.org/W7218309798","https://openalex.org/W3195900473","https://openalex.org/W4408359080","https://openalex.org/W1992749660","https://openalex.org/W4407303848"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"introduces":[2],"a":[3,69,82],"novel":[4],"Quadruple":[5],"Reference":[6],"Voltage-Based":[7],"Pulse":[8],"Width":[9],"Modulation":[10],"(QRVPWM)":[11],"technique":[12,132],"for":[13,133],"mitigating":[14],"common-mode":[15],"voltage":[16],"(CMV)":[17],"in":[18,72,85,92],"three-phase,":[19],"three-level":[20],"T-type":[21],"converters.":[22],"In":[23],"contrast":[24],"to":[25,68],"conventional":[26],"carrier-based":[27],"PWM":[28],"(CBPWM)":[29],"methods,":[30],"the":[31,95,115,126,129],"proposed":[32,130],"approach":[33],"utilizes":[34],"four":[35],"phase-shifted":[36],"reference":[37],"voltages,":[38],"enabling":[39],"significant":[40],"attenuation":[41],"of":[42,118,128],"CMV":[43,73,120],"ripple":[44],"without":[45],"increasing":[46],"control":[47],"complexity":[48],"or":[49],"requiring":[50],"additional":[51],"hardware.":[52],"Both":[53],"simulation":[54],"and":[55,63,144],"experimental":[56],"results,":[57],"conducted":[58],"under":[59],"various":[60],"load":[61],"conditions":[62],"modulation":[64],"indices,":[65],"demonstrate":[66],"up":[67],"50%":[70],"reduction":[71],"magnitude":[74],"while":[75],"maintaining":[76],"balanced":[77],"DC-link":[78],"capacitor":[79],"voltages.":[80],"Although":[81],"marginal":[83],"increase":[84],"total":[86],"harmonic":[87],"distortion":[88],"(THD)":[89],"is":[90],"observed":[91],"one":[93],"phase,":[94],"average":[96],"THD":[97],"across":[98],"all":[99],"three":[100],"phases":[101],"remains":[102],"within":[103],"acceptable":[104],"IEEE":[105],"519-2022":[106],"standard.":[107],"Furthermore,":[108],"Fast":[109],"Fourier":[110],"Transform":[111],"(FFT)":[112],"analysis":[113],"verifies":[114],"effective":[116],"suppression":[117],"dominant":[119],"spectral":[121],"components.":[122],"These":[123],"results":[124],"confirm":[125],"suitability":[127],"QRVPWM":[131],"electromagnetic":[134],"interference":[135],"(EMI)-sensitive":[136],"applications":[137],"such":[138],"as":[139],"electric":[140],"vehicles,":[141],"motor":[142],"drives,":[143],"grid-connected":[145],"renewable":[146],"energy":[147],"systems.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-02-11T00:00:00"}