{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128469860","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20261201.13","title":"Epidemiological Assessment of Cosmetic Skin Bleaching Practices and Toxic Exposure Among Vulnerable Women in Zanzibar: Public Health Perspective","display_name":"Epidemiological Assessment of Cosmetic Skin Bleaching Practices and Toxic Exposure Among Vulnerable Women in Zanzibar: Public Health Perspective","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128469860","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20261201.13"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.11648/j.cajph.20261201.13","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20261201.13","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20261201.13","pdf_url":"http://article.sciencepg.com/pdf/j.cajph.20261201.13","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210204544","display_name":"Central African Journal of Public Health","issn_l":"2575-5773","issn":["2575-5773","2575-5781"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319272","host_organization_name":"Science Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319272"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Science Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Central African Journal of Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"http://article.sciencepg.com/pdf/j.cajph.20261201.13","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086271295","display_name":"Ochieng O Anthony","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1463-5280","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1463-5280"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130477979","display_name":"Zanzibar University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sejv728","country_code":"TZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130477979"]}],"countries":["TZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ochieng Anthony","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Science, Zanzibar University, Zanzibar, Tanzania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1463-5280","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Science, Zanzibar University, Zanzibar, Tanzania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130477979"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099050250","display_name":"Jeremie Minani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5429-4802","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5429-4802"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130477979","display_name":"Zanzibar University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sejv728","country_code":"TZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130477979"]}],"countries":["TZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeremie Minani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Nursing, Zanzibar University, Zanzibar, Tanzania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5429-4802","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Nursing, Zanzibar University, Zanzibar, Tanzania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130477979"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086271295"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130477979"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"1","first_page":"19","last_page":"33"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11033","display_name":"Contact Dermatitis and Allergies","score":0.7368000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2708","display_name":"Dermatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11033","display_name":"Contact Dermatitis and Allergies","score":0.7368000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2708","display_name":"Dermatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12878","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Quality and Counterfeiting","score":0.03720000013709068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11144","display_name":"melanin and skin pigmentation","score":0.030300000682473183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1307","display_name":"Cell Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skin-lightening","display_name":"skin lightening","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cosmetics","display_name":"cosmetics","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mercury-exposure","display_name":"mercury exposure","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydroquinone","display_name":"hydroquinone","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corticosteroids","display_name":"corticosteroids","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-of-reproductive-age","display_name":"women of reproductive age","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reproductive-health","display_name":"reproductive health","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/menstrual-irregularities","display_name":"menstrual irregularity","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nephrotoxicity","display_name":"nephrotoxicity","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endocrine-disruption","display_name":"endocrine disruption","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prenatal-exposure","display_name":"prenatal exposure","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cosmetics-regulation","display_name":"cosmetic regulation","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zanzibar","display_name":"Zanzibar","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/informal-markets","display_name":"informal markets","score":0.5019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beauty-salons","display_name":"beauty salons","score":0.8849999904632568}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.8076000213623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779717098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131207","display_name":"Cosmetics","level":2,"score":0.7738000154495239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7674999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.6646000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.6424000263214111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121752807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981388","display_name":"Reproductive health","level":3,"score":0.43639999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197934379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2047938","display_name":"Adverse effect","level":2,"score":0.3806000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.3352000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984618805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2284929","display_name":"Health risk","level":2,"score":0.328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019806175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11974939","display_name":"Health professionals","level":3,"score":0.31859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.3111000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778642596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8452","display_name":"Abortion","level":3,"score":0.29760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777777548","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206040","display_name":"Mercury (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777673923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79928","display_name":"Acne","level":2,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33070731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7218","display_name":"Toxicology","level":1,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26019999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142052008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954027","display_name":"Cross-sectional study","level":2,"score":0.2549999952316284}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.11648/j.cajph.20261201.13","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20261201.13","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20261201.13","pdf_url":"http://article.sciencepg.com/pdf/j.cajph.20261201.13","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210204544","display_name":"Central African Journal of Public Health","issn_l":"2575-5773","issn":["2575-5773","2575-5781"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319272","host_organization_name":"Science Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319272"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Science Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Central African Journal of Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.11648/j.cajph.20261201.13","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20261201.13","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20261201.13","pdf_url":"http://article.sciencepg.com/pdf/j.cajph.20261201.13","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210204544","display_name":"Central African Journal of Public Health","issn_l":"2575-5773","issn":["2575-5773","2575-5781"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319272","host_organization_name":"Science Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319272"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Science Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Central African Journal of Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9940000176429749,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128469860.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128469860.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964896713","https://openalex.org/W1987499180","https://openalex.org/W2015906403","https://openalex.org/W2032376951","https://openalex.org/W2104837538","https://openalex.org/W2113137963","https://openalex.org/W2780037255","https://openalex.org/W3153390623","https://openalex.org/W3210937657","https://openalex.org/W4293086780","https://openalex.org/W4308915290","https://openalex.org/W4382722387","https://openalex.org/W4387241820","https://openalex.org/W4392794249","https://openalex.org/W4394858630","https://openalex.org/W4408040409","https://openalex.org/W4410249639","https://openalex.org/W4411547584","https://openalex.org/W4413365725","https://openalex.org/W4413438167","https://openalex.org/W7081942776"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977192951","https://openalex.org/W7167937319","https://openalex.org/W4406300413","https://openalex.org/W4320037222","https://openalex.org/W3022525362","https://openalex.org/W7213345912","https://openalex.org/W3045251571","https://openalex.org/W4298326884","https://openalex.org/W4409103454","https://openalex.org/W2043728176"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"widespread":[1],"use":[2,109,224],"of":[3,67,82,92,101,114,170,182,205,233],"skin-bleaching":[4,68],"cosmetics":[5,35],"among":[6,90],"women":[7,91],"in":[8,24,95,196,264,299],"Zanzibar":[9],"poses":[10],"a":[11,167],"growing":[12],"public":[13,270,281],"health":[14,73,120,186,252,271,282,298],"concern":[15],"due":[16],"to":[17,20,38,287],"chronic":[18],"exposure":[19,246,291],"toxic":[21,289],"substances":[22,209],"present":[23],"many":[25],"products":[26,125],"sold":[27],"through":[28,152],"informal":[29],"markets":[30],"and":[31,46,58,70,79,98,112,118,131,179,185,207,225,230,235,247,250,269,279,292,296],"beauty":[32],"salons.":[33],"These":[34],"are":[36,50,284],"suspected":[37],"contain":[39],"hazardous":[40],"compounds":[41,149],"such":[42],"as":[43],"mercury,":[44],"hydroquinone,":[45],"potent":[47],"corticosteroids,":[48,208],"which":[49],"associated":[51,72],"with":[52,160],"dermatological":[53,226],"damage,":[54],"endocrine":[55],"disruption,":[56],"nephrotoxicity,":[57],"adverse":[59,248],"reproductive":[60,93,116,295],"outcomes.":[61,121,253],"This":[62],"study":[63,87],"assessed":[64],"the":[65,203,256],"epidemiology":[66],"practices":[69],"evaluated":[71],"risks":[74],"using":[75,138],"integrated":[76],"population-based":[77],"data":[78,106],"laboratory":[80,277],"analysis":[81,189],"cosmetic":[83,108,162,223,265,290],"products.":[84],"A":[85],"cross-sectional":[86],"was":[88,136],"conducted":[89],"age":[94],"selected":[96],"urban":[97],"peri-urban":[99],"areas":[100],"Zanzibar.":[102,300],"Structured":[103],"questionnaires":[104],"collected":[105],"on":[107],"patterns,":[110],"duration":[111],"frequency":[113],"exposure,":[115],"history,":[117],"self-reported":[119],"Commonly":[122],"used":[123],"skin-lightening":[124],"were":[126,150,158],"concurrently":[127],"sampled":[128],"from":[129],"salons":[130],"retail":[132],"outlets.":[133],"Metallic":[134],"content":[135],"quantified":[137],"inductively":[139],"coupled":[140],"plasma":[141],"optical":[142],"emission":[143],"spectroscopy":[144],"(ICP-OES),":[145],"while":[146,199],"restricted":[147,213],"organic":[148],"identified":[151],"product":[153,183,267],"label":[154,200],"claims.":[155],"Detected":[156],"concentrations":[157,192],"compared":[159],"international":[161],"safety":[163],"standards.":[164,216],"Results":[165],"indicated":[166],"high":[168],"prevalence":[169],"regular":[171],"skin":[172],"bleaching,":[173],"characterized":[174],"by":[175],"prolonged":[176],"daily":[177],"application":[178],"limited":[180],"awareness":[181],"composition":[184],"risks.":[187],"ICP-OES":[188],"detected":[190],"mercury":[191],"exceeding":[193],"permissible":[194],"limits":[195],"several":[197],"products,":[198],"claims":[201],"confirmed":[202],"presence":[204],"hydroquinone":[206],"prohibited":[210],"or":[211],"strictly":[212],"under":[214],"regulatory":[215,274],"Epidemiological":[217],"findings":[218,260],"showed":[219],"associations":[220],"between":[221],"long-term":[222],"disorders,":[227],"menstrual":[228],"irregularities,":[229],"symptoms":[231],"suggestive":[232],"renal":[234],"hormonal":[236],"dysfunction.":[237],"Health":[238],"professionals":[239],"further":[240],"raised":[241],"concerns":[242],"regarding":[243],"potential":[244],"prenatal":[245],"maternal":[249,297],"infant":[251],"Interpreted":[254],"within":[255],"Donabedian":[257],"framework,":[258],"these":[259],"underscore":[261],"systemic":[262],"weaknesses":[263],"regulation,":[266],"surveillance,":[268],"education.":[272],"Strengthened":[273],"enforcement,":[275],"routine":[276],"monitoring,":[278],"targeted":[280],"interventions":[283],"urgently":[285],"required":[286],"reduce":[288],"protect":[293],"women\u2019s":[294]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-26T08:19:03.415552","created_date":"2026-02-11T00:00:00"}
