{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128397528","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.02.04.703900","title":"The \u201csex-specific effect:\u201d Evaluating analytical approaches to sex-dependence in the behavioral and brain sciences","display_name":"The \u201csex-specific effect:\u201d Evaluating analytical approaches to sex-dependence in the behavioral and brain sciences","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128397528","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.02.04.703900","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41676574"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.02.04.703900","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.02.04.703900","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/02/07/2026.02.04.703900.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/02/07/2026.02.04.703900.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111161600","display_name":"Madeline T. Olivier","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. T. Olivier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6529-7181","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009250776","display_name":"Andrew W. Brown","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1758-8205"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1301864278","display_name":"Arkansas Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01t33qq42","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1301864278"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79620101","display_name":"University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00xcryt71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79620101"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. W. Brown","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arkansas Children\u2019s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202","Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1758-8205","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arkansas Children\u2019s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1301864278"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79620101"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015966784","display_name":"Simon Chung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2349-3779"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1301864278","display_name":"Arkansas Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01t33qq42","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1301864278"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79620101","display_name":"University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00xcryt71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79620101"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Chung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arkansas Children\u2019s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202","Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2349-3779","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arkansas Children\u2019s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1301864278"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79620101"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074473858","display_name":"Colby J. Vorland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4225-372X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119109","display_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","ror":"https://ror.org/02k40bc56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. J. Vorland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47403"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4225-372X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47403","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046884490","display_name":"Donna L. Maney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1006-2358"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"D. L. Maney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1006-2358","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046884490"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13252","display_name":"Sex and Gender in Healthcare","score":0.8747000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13252","display_name":"Sex and Gender in Healthcare","score":0.8747000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11541","display_name":"Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior","score":0.01489999983459711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.010700000450015068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.4514000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rank","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","score":0.38100001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/behavioural-sciences","display_name":"Behavioural sciences","score":0.35929998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citation","display_name":"Citation","score":0.3506999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-hypothesis-testing","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","score":0.34369999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-analysis","display_name":"Statistical analysis","score":0.319599986076355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5494999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4514000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4458000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164226766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.38100001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5570062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3919817","display_name":"Behavioural sciences","level":2,"score":0.35929998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778805511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1713","display_name":"Citation","level":2,"score":0.3506999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87007009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210832","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","level":2,"score":0.34369999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986587452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical analysis","level":2,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.2809999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58693492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q551875","display_name":"Neuroimaging","level":2,"score":0.2750999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183905921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1038757","display_name":"Multiple comparisons problem","level":2,"score":0.27239999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198293453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1587903","display_name":"Human science","level":2,"score":0.2621000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.26089999079704285}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.02.04.703900","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.02.04.703900","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/02/07/2026.02.04.703900.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmid:41676574","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41676574","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11697069","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12889599","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12889599","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12889599/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.02.04.703900","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.02.04.703900","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/02/07/2026.02.04.703900.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.697921633720398,"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G561546010","display_name":"SCISIPBIO: Maximizing the Value of Sex-Inclusive Research Policies through Analytical Rigor","funder_award_id":"2318478","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128397528.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128397528.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W201737681","https://openalex.org/W1592228396","https://openalex.org/W1999781100","https://openalex.org/W2009979735","https://openalex.org/W2027431314","https://openalex.org/W2030360178","https://openalex.org/W2083590885","https://openalex.org/W2105824687","https://openalex.org/W2124165779","https://openalex.org/W2130663341","https://openalex.org/W2138030023","https://openalex.org/W2165810797","https://openalex.org/W2318114766","https://openalex.org/W2343343747","https://openalex.org/W2554898265","https://openalex.org/W2798203717","https://openalex.org/W2979345840","https://openalex.org/W3006197455","https://openalex.org/W3033989122","https://openalex.org/W3129353661","https://openalex.org/W3160715341","https://openalex.org/W3209058204","https://openalex.org/W3209670811","https://openalex.org/W3215494740","https://openalex.org/W4235011715","https://openalex.org/W4288054125","https://openalex.org/W4318753537","https://openalex.org/W4366498235","https://openalex.org/W4372352690","https://openalex.org/W4375851746","https://openalex.org/W4379928766","https://openalex.org/W4385858477","https://openalex.org/W4386019685","https://openalex.org/W4386699556","https://openalex.org/W4388233923","https://openalex.org/W4389942858","https://openalex.org/W4391684088","https://openalex.org/W4392802566","https://openalex.org/W4393902391","https://openalex.org/W4394601543","https://openalex.org/W4396881253","https://openalex.org/W4404047394","https://openalex.org/W4409337741","https://openalex.org/W4409916478","https://openalex.org/W4410431386","https://openalex.org/W4415699345","https://openalex.org/W4417138154","https://openalex.org/W7117451564"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Detecting":[1],"a":[2,8,15],"sex":[3,71],"difference":[4],"in":[5,37,54,147],"response":[6,23],"to":[7,32,130],"treatment":[9],"or":[10,52,133],"intervention,":[11],"often":[12],"reported":[13],"as":[14,50],"\u201csex-specific":[16],"effect,\u201d":[17],"requires":[18],"statistical":[19],"comparison":[20],"of":[21,97,124,137,144],"the":[22,38,63,65,76,92,103,134,138,148],"across":[24,70],"sex.":[25],"Here,":[26],"we":[27],"investigated":[28],"analytical":[29,126],"approaches":[30,127],"used":[31],"test":[33,85],"for":[34],"such":[35,49],"effects":[36,146],"behavioral":[39,149],"and":[40,72,150],"brain":[41,151],"sciences.":[42],"Of":[43],"200":[44],"recent":[45],"articles":[46,82],"containing":[47],"terms":[48],"\u2018sex-specific\u2019":[51],"\u2018gender-dependent\u2019":[53],"their":[55],"titles,":[56],"only":[57,154],"24%":[58],"presented":[59],"appropriate":[60,106,125,158],"evidence":[61],"supporting":[62],"claim:":[64],"effect":[66],"was":[67,86,109,128],"compared":[68],"statistically":[69],"results":[73],"consistent":[74],"with":[75,105],"claim":[77,104],"were":[78],"reported.":[79],"In":[80],"most":[81],"(58%),":[83],"no":[84],"conducted":[87],"that":[88,142],"could":[89],"have":[90],"supported":[91,102,156],"title":[93],"claim.":[94],"Only":[95],"15%":[96],"studies":[98,114],"on":[99,115],"non-human":[100],"animals":[101],"evidence,":[107],"which":[108],"significantly":[110],"less":[111],"frequently":[112],"than":[113],"human":[116],"participants":[117],"(34%;":[118],"p":[119],"=":[120],"0.002).":[121],"The":[122],"use":[123],"unrelated":[129],"journal":[131],"rank":[132],"citation":[135],"impact":[136],"article.":[139],"We":[140],"conclude":[141],"claims":[143],"sex/gender-dependent":[145],"sciences":[152],"are":[153],"infrequently":[155],"by":[157],"evidence.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-11T09:22:31.653822","created_date":"2026-02-10T00:00:00"}
