{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128375300","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/laws15010010","title":"Intergenerational Equity in International Climate Law as a Legal Criterion for the Interpretation of State Climate Obligations According to the ICJ","display_name":"Intergenerational Equity in International Climate Law as a Legal Criterion for the Interpretation of State Climate Obligations According to the ICJ","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128375300","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/laws15010010"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/laws15010010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/laws15010010","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/laws15010010","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-471X/15/1/10/pdf?version=1770600575","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737540407","display_name":"Laws","issn_l":"2075-471X","issn":["2075-471X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Laws","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7128375300"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-471X/15/1/10/pdf?version=1770600575","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107417830","display_name":"Eliana D\u00edaz-Cruces","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0782-4101","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0782-4101"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108168","display_name":"Universidad a Distancia de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/01r9skd65","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108168"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eliana D\u00edaz-Cruces","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Derecho Equidad Gobernanza y Sostenibilidad para la Justicia Social (LEGOS), Facultad de Ciencias Jur\u00eddicas, Universidad a Distancia de Madrid (UDIMA), 28400 Collado Villalba, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0782-4101","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Derecho Equidad Gobernanza y Sostenibilidad para la Justicia Social (LEGOS), Facultad de Ciencias Jur\u00eddicas, Universidad a Distancia de Madrid (UDIMA), 28400 Collado Villalba, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108168"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076394255","display_name":"Camilo Zamora\u2010Ledezma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8704-1539","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8704-1539"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147442","display_name":"Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio","ror":"https://ror.org/054ewwr15","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147442"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68763199","display_name":"Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Murcia","ror":"https://ror.org/05b1rsv17","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68763199"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Camilo Zamora-Ledezma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bioengineering & Regenerative Medicine Research Group (Bio-ReM), Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda, Arquitectura y Dise\u00f1o (EIAD), Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio (UAX), Avenida de la Universidad 1, 28691 Villanueva de la Ca\u00f1ada, Madrid, Spain","Biomedical Research Unit (UIB-UAX), Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio (UAX), Avenida de la Universidad 1, 28691 Villanueva de la Ca\u00f1ada, Madrid, Spain","Green and Innovative Technologies for Food, Environment and Bioengineering Research Group (FEnBeT), Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, UCAM-Universidad Cat\u00f3lica San Antonio de Murcia, Campus de los Jer\u00f3nimos 135, 30107 Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8704-1539","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bioengineering & Regenerative Medicine Research Group (Bio-ReM), Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda, Arquitectura y Dise\u00f1o (EIAD), Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio (UAX), Avenida de la Universidad 1, 28691 Villanueva de la Ca\u00f1ada, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147442"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Research Unit (UIB-UAX), Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio (UAX), Avenida de la Universidad 1, 28691 Villanueva de la Ca\u00f1ada, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147442"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Green and Innovative Technologies for Food, Environment and Bioengineering Research Group (FEnBeT), Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, UCAM-Universidad Cat\u00f3lica San Antonio de Murcia, Campus de los Jer\u00f3nimos 135, 30107 Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68763199"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035185097","display_name":"Simone Belli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8934-7569","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8934-7569","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2976-9863"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121748325","display_name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/02p0gd045","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121748325"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141827","display_name":"Universidad Ecotec","ror":"https://ror.org/04pe1sa24","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141827"]}],"countries":["EC","ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simone Belli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Antropolog\u00eda Social y Psicolog\u00eda Social, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain","Direcci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n, Universidad ECOTEC, Samborond\u00f3n 092301, Ecuador"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8934-7569","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Antropolog\u00eda Social y Psicolog\u00eda Social, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121748325"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Direcci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n, Universidad ECOTEC, Samborond\u00f3n 092301, Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5107417830"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108168"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1689},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1689},"fwci":17.4096,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9888484,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"10","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13756","display_name":"International Environmental Law and Policies","score":0.5346999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13756","display_name":"International Environmental Law and Policies","score":0.5346999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12895","display_name":"Environmental law and policy","score":0.44040000438690186,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10749","display_name":"International Law and Human Rights","score":0.007799999788403511,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intergenerational-equity","display_name":"intergenerational equity","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change","display_name":"climate change","score":0.47600001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/due-diligence","display_name":"due diligence","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change-mitigation","display_name":"climate change mitigation","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change-adaptation","display_name":"climate change adaptation","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-rights","display_name":"human rights","score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/customary-international-law","display_name":"customary international law","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-litigation","display_name":"climate change litigation","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-responsibility","display_name":"state responsibility","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ombudsmen","display_name":"ombudsmen","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-governance","display_name":"climate governance","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/future-generations","display_name":"future generations","score":0.6010000109672546}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776126902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4686864","display_name":"Advisory opinion","level":5,"score":0.7152000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199728807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557","display_name":"Equity (law)","level":2,"score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781164615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1291678","display_name":"Climate justice","level":3,"score":0.580299973487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5461000204086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55447825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4394526","display_name":"International law","level":2,"score":0.5317000150680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779871314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1262438","display_name":"International court","level":4,"score":0.5037000179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.4697999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776697845","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q537098","display_name":"Fiduciary","level":3,"score":0.44850000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781133197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502025","display_name":"Intergenerational equity","level":3,"score":0.44620001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776946740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358652","display_name":"Deliberation","level":3,"score":0.44519999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189123395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7210295","display_name":"Political economy of climate change","level":3,"score":0.4253000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779103253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q878070","display_name":"Duty","level":2,"score":0.40299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169437150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8458","display_name":"Human rights","level":2,"score":0.39259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3901999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3774999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42027317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2307054","display_name":"Principle of legality","level":2,"score":0.37220001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.37139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780219900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331848","display_name":"Judicial interpretation","level":2,"score":0.37070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.35409998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3440999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3248000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.3246999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778042224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163552","display_name":"State responsibility","level":3,"score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185436325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4394526","display_name":"Public international law","level":3,"score":0.30979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779417324","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5133517","display_name":"Climate governance","level":3,"score":0.3089999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139621336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3190382","display_name":"Economic Justice","level":2,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776847301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44918","display_name":"Rule of law","level":3,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170706310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30216","display_name":"Common law","level":2,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183763965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q603959","display_name":"Proportionality (law)","level":2,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779872411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1774161","display_name":"International community","level":3,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776934989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054649","display_name":"Global justice","level":3,"score":0.25369998812675476}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/laws15010010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/laws15010010","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/laws15010010","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-471X/15/1/10/pdf?version=1770600575","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737540407","display_name":"Laws","issn_l":"2075-471X","issn":["2075-471X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Laws","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c3f81b3f826649a68af19a580f5e46a1","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c3f81b3f826649a68af19a580f5e46a1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Laws, Vol 15, Iss 1, p 10 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/laws15010010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/laws15010010","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/laws15010010","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-471X/15/1/10/pdf?version=1770600575","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737540407","display_name":"Laws","issn_l":"2075-471X","issn":["2075-471X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Laws","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.9786999821662903},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.8999999761581421}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128375300.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128375300.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W56186213","https://openalex.org/W127294058","https://openalex.org/W628665009","https://openalex.org/W1518059929","https://openalex.org/W1978811370","https://openalex.org/W1997724426","https://openalex.org/W2012592775","https://openalex.org/W2090115516","https://openalex.org/W2316483675","https://openalex.org/W2346298007","https://openalex.org/W2525674745","https://openalex.org/W2759500454","https://openalex.org/W2770273612","https://openalex.org/W2783312320","https://openalex.org/W2790899315","https://openalex.org/W2795958776","https://openalex.org/W2885516383","https://openalex.org/W2944755978","https://openalex.org/W2952891912","https://openalex.org/W3023145776","https://openalex.org/W3108978469","https://openalex.org/W3115828918","https://openalex.org/W3119978746","https://openalex.org/W3131371071","https://openalex.org/W3139077440","https://openalex.org/W3177243356","https://openalex.org/W3188547804","https://openalex.org/W4200090953","https://openalex.org/W4206012320","https://openalex.org/W4206612995","https://openalex.org/W4234846650","https://openalex.org/W4255692863","https://openalex.org/W4289323626","https://openalex.org/W4290964131","https://openalex.org/W4310016301","https://openalex.org/W4315490731","https://openalex.org/W4317209402","https://openalex.org/W4317931952","https://openalex.org/W4368376790","https://openalex.org/W4379518934","https://openalex.org/W4386888152","https://openalex.org/W4393434507","https://openalex.org/W4395661618","https://openalex.org/W4402339549","https://openalex.org/W4402647958","https://openalex.org/W4402864822","https://openalex.org/W4403610964","https://openalex.org/W4403740388","https://openalex.org/W4403907112","https://openalex.org/W4404194650","https://openalex.org/W4405313195","https://openalex.org/W4405794627","https://openalex.org/W4408328405","https://openalex.org/W4409510860","https://openalex.org/W4410488389","https://openalex.org/W4410794506","https://openalex.org/W4410946400","https://openalex.org/W4413369198","https://openalex.org/W4414317002","https://openalex.org/W4415752643","https://openalex.org/W4417314707","https://openalex.org/W7084400863"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4403740388","https://openalex.org/W7117336306","https://openalex.org/W7154936236","https://openalex.org/W7127352321","https://openalex.org/W7167459553","https://openalex.org/W4413168081","https://openalex.org/W4414316597","https://openalex.org/W7148778174","https://openalex.org/W4412622178","https://openalex.org/W7202115736"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,69],"article":[1],"examines":[2,22],"in":[3,17,87,188,203,207],"detail":[4],"Advisory":[5,167,197],"Opinion":[6,70,168,198],"No.":[7],"32,":[8],"issued":[9],"by":[10,126],"the":[11,24,27,33,57,73,97,140,144,163,166,196,227,253],"International":[12,28],"Court":[13,29],"of":[14,26,30,35,48,59,99,130,147,165,231,242,259],"Justice":[15,31],"(ICJ)":[16],"July":[18],"2025.":[19],"The":[20,191],"analysis":[21,129],"how":[23],"decision":[25],"establishes":[32],"principle":[34],"intergenerational":[36,148,181,209],"equity":[37,149,210],"as":[38,77,105,175,221,238],"an":[39,106,239],"interpretative":[40,224],"criterion":[41],"for":[42,82,154],"climate":[43,60,88,103,158,189,205,233],"obligations,":[44,234],"consolidating":[45],"specific":[46],"duties":[47],"prevention,":[49],"due":[50,85],"diligence,":[51],"cooperation,":[52],"mitigation,":[53],"and":[54,66,90,92,114,121,134,150,157,180,218,229,256],"adaptation":[55,91],"to":[56,96,169,184,212,261],"consequences":[58],"change":[61],"that":[62,195],"directly":[63],"affect":[64],"present":[65],"future":[67,186],"generations.":[68],"also":[71,161],"designates":[72],"1.5":[74],"\u00b0C":[75],"threshold":[76],"a":[78,119,200,214,222],"central":[79],"legal":[80,123],"benchmark":[81],"assessing":[83],"States\u2019":[84],"diligence":[86],"mitigation":[89],"extends":[93],"state":[94,155],"obligations":[95],"regulation":[98],"private":[100],"actors,":[101],"characterizing":[102],"protection":[104],"erga":[107],"omnes":[108],"duty":[109],"based":[110],"on":[111,252],"human":[112],"rights":[113],"customary":[115],"international":[116],"law.":[117],"Through":[118],"doctrinal":[120],"institutional":[122,172,257],"method,":[124],"supported":[125],"systematic":[127],"documentary":[128],"treaties,":[131],"case":[132],"law":[133],"soft-law":[135],"instruments,":[136],"this":[137],"study":[138],"situates":[139],"ICJ\u2019s":[141],"reasoning":[142],"within":[143],"broader":[145],"evolution":[146],"explores":[151],"its":[152,246],"implications":[153],"responsibility":[156],"litigation.":[159],"It":[160],"analyzes":[162],"potential":[164],"foster":[170],"new":[171,201,243],"mechanisms,":[173,179],"such":[174],"ombudsmen,":[176],"fiduciary":[177],"management":[178],"impact":[182],"assessments,":[183],"represent":[185],"generations":[187],"governance.":[190],"main":[192],"conclusion":[193],"is":[194],"inaugurates":[199],"stage":[202],"global":[204],"governance,":[206],"which":[208],"ceases":[211],"be":[213],"purely":[215],"aspirational":[216],"vision":[217],"instead":[219],"operates":[220],"binding":[223],"standard":[225],"guiding":[226],"interpretation":[228],"review":[230],"existing":[232],"rather":[235],"than":[236],"serving":[237],"autonomous":[240],"source":[241],"duties.":[244],"However,":[245],"transformative":[247],"effect":[248],"will":[249,255],"depend":[250],"primarily":[251],"political":[254],"capacity":[258],"states":[260],"implement":[262],"effective":[263],"mechanisms.":[264]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-02-10T00:00:00"}