{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128370827","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2138/gselements.22.1.12","title":"How Well Do We Understand the Geological Carbon Cycle?","display_name":"How Well Do We Understand the Geological Carbon Cycle?","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128370827","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2138/gselements.22.1.12"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2138/gselements.22.1.12","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2138/gselements.22.1.12","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2138/gselements.22.1.12","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S65722409","display_name":"Elements","issn_l":"1811-5209","issn":["1811-5209","1811-5217"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319932","host_organization_name":"Mineralogical Society of America","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319932"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Mineralogical Society of America"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Elements","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064681905","display_name":"Laurence A. Coogan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7289-5120","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7289-5120"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laurence A. Coogan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041850602","display_name":"Kimberly Lau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2273-8319","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2273-8319"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kimberly V. Lau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geosciences and Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, Penn State University, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geosciences and Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, Penn State University, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027091448","display_name":"Jeremy K. Caves Rugenstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4123-3305","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4123-3305"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeremy K.C. Rugenstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geosciences, Colorado State University, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geosciences, Colorado State University, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":22.0897,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99713296,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"1","first_page":"12","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10109","display_name":"Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils","score":0.524399995803833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1911","display_name":"Paleontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10109","display_name":"Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils","score":0.524399995803833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1911","display_name":"Paleontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10017","display_name":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","score":0.18150000274181366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10001","display_name":"Geological and Geochemical Analysis","score":0.07880000025033951,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silicate-weathering","display_name":"silicate weathering","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-co2","display_name":"atmospheric CO2","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-cycle-feedbacks","display_name":"carbon cycle feedbacks","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbonate-weathering","display_name":"carbonate weathering","score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/walker-model","display_name":"Walker model","score":0.42500001192092896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40724407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179177","display_name":"Weathering","level":2,"score":0.8716999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6939412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167751","display_name":"Carbon cycle","level":3,"score":0.8130999803543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71915725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846303","display_name":"Biogeochemical cycle","level":2,"score":0.7552000284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1965285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8008","display_name":"Earth science","level":1,"score":0.7448999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140205800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5860","display_name":"Carbon fibers","level":3,"score":0.6223000288009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777335606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7130787","display_name":"Silicate","level":2,"score":0.5618000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.5353999733924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.4413999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17409809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764","display_name":"Geochemistry","level":1,"score":0.38909998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.37940001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46002017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1657165","display_name":"Atmospheric carbon cycle","level":4,"score":0.3513999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80368990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3046459","display_name":"Earth system science","level":2,"score":0.3393000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87355193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411","display_name":"Astrobiology","level":1,"score":0.3337000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127636831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12822185","display_name":"Geochemical cycle","level":2,"score":0.3244999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195048187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4468919","display_name":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","level":3,"score":0.3181999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993678126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167751","display_name":"Carbon flux","level":3,"score":0.31769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22884784","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15305550","display_name":"Carbon sequestration","level":3,"score":0.2992999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65440619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177974","display_name":"Atmosphere (unit)","level":2,"score":0.2782999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193539361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1887426","display_name":"Geologic record","level":2,"score":0.2752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.27309998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130309983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864379","display_name":"Biogeochemistry","level":2,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128370203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26841","display_name":"Anthropocene","level":2,"score":0.25270000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778379663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5037942","display_name":"Carbon capture and storage (timeline)","level":3,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2138/gselements.22.1.12","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2138/gselements.22.1.12","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2138/gselements.22.1.12","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S65722409","display_name":"Elements","issn_l":"1811-5209","issn":["1811-5209","1811-5217"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319932","host_organization_name":"Mineralogical Society of America","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319932"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Mineralogical Society of America"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Elements","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9786999821662903,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W45232187","https://openalex.org/W1677532904","https://openalex.org/W1753926244","https://openalex.org/W1958572943","https://openalex.org/W1998351750","https://openalex.org/W1999924690","https://openalex.org/W2036429946","https://openalex.org/W2042676894","https://openalex.org/W2084849445","https://openalex.org/W2086613667","https://openalex.org/W2087769129","https://openalex.org/W2097828895","https://openalex.org/W2135608154","https://openalex.org/W2141192242","https://openalex.org/W2165547469","https://openalex.org/W2620208103","https://openalex.org/W2772093563","https://openalex.org/W2921173974","https://openalex.org/W2952081370","https://openalex.org/W3198169266","https://openalex.org/W3206900371","https://openalex.org/W4245300726","https://openalex.org/W4247941329","https://openalex.org/W4297842643","https://openalex.org/W4318141507","https://openalex.org/W4387332485","https://openalex.org/W4396538147"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"foundation":[1],"of":[2,5,59,71,74],"our":[3],"understanding":[4],"the":[6,34,42,62,69,88,102,114],"geological":[7,89],"carbon":[8,43,90],"cycle,":[9],"and":[10,55,120],"how":[11],"this":[12],"acts":[13,36],"as":[14,37],"Earth\u2019s":[15],"\u201cthermostat,\u201d":[16],"was":[17],"articulated":[18],"in":[19,23,87,101,117],"a":[20,38,109],"seminal":[21],"paper":[22],"1981":[24],"(Walker":[25],"et":[26],"al).":[27],"They":[28],"suggested":[29],"that":[30,46,81,92],"silicate":[31],"weathering":[32,53],"on":[33,41],"continents":[35],"stabilizing":[39],"feedback":[40],"cycle":[44,91],"such":[45],"increased":[47,52,57],"atmospheric":[48],"pCO2":[49],"leads":[50],"to":[51,111],"rates":[54],"hence":[56],"removal":[58],"CO2":[60],"from":[61],"atmosphere.":[63],"This":[64],"\u201ctextbook":[65],"model\u201d":[66],"is":[67,108],"at":[68],"core":[70],"most":[72],"models":[73],"long-term":[75],"biogeochemical":[76],"cycles.":[77],"We":[78,105],"summarize":[79],"evidence":[80],"there":[82,107],"are":[83],"many":[84],"other":[85],"processes":[86],"may":[93],"be":[94],"equally":[95],"or":[96],"more":[97],"important":[98],"than":[99],"those":[100],"Walker":[103],"model.":[104],"argue":[106],"need":[110],"move":[112],"beyond":[113],"textbook":[115],"model":[116],"both":[118],"teaching":[119],"research.":[121]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-09-25T08:18:29.962427","created_date":"2026-02-10T00:00:00"}
