{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128360692","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16041702","title":"Perceived Facial Profile Attractiveness in Skeletal Class I, II, and III Malocclusions","display_name":"Perceived Facial Profile Attractiveness in Skeletal Class I, II, and III Malocclusions","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128360692","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16041702"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app16041702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16041702","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16041702","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/16/4/1702/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/16/4/1702/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125410497","display_name":"Yasemin T\u00f6z\u00fcn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7133-7332","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7133-7332"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153358","display_name":"K\u0131br\u0131s Sa\u011fl\u0131k ve Toplum Bilimleri \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/05cv8rb65","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387153358"]}],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasemin T\u00f6z\u00fcn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cyprus Health and Social Sciences University, Kutlu Adali Blv, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus via Mersin 10, 99750 Morphou, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7133-7332","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cyprus Health and Social Sciences University, Kutlu Adali Blv, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus via Mersin 10, 99750 Morphou, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125388824","display_name":"\u0130smail Ata Orgun","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153358","display_name":"K\u0131br\u0131s Sa\u011fl\u0131k ve Toplum Bilimleri \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/05cv8rb65","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387153358"]}],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u0130smail Ata Orgun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cyprus Health and Social Sciences University, Kutlu Adali Blv, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus via Mersin 10, 99750 Morphou, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cyprus Health and Social Sciences University, Kutlu Adali Blv, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus via Mersin 10, 99750 Morphou, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153358"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"H\u00fclya \u015eenol","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153358","display_name":"K\u0131br\u0131s Sa\u011fl\u0131k ve Toplum Bilimleri \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/05cv8rb65","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387153358"]}],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H\u00fclya \u015eenol","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Education Administration and Inspection, Cyprus Health and Social Sciences University, Kutlu Adal\u0131 Blv, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus via Mersin 10, 99750 Morphou, Turkey","Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cyprus Health and Social Sciences University, Kutlu Adali Blv, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus via Mersin 10, 99750 Morphou, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Education Administration and Inspection, Cyprus Health and Social Sciences University, Kutlu Adal\u0131 Blv, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus via Mersin 10, 99750 Morphou, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cyprus Health and Social Sciences University, Kutlu Adali Blv, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus via Mersin 10, 99750 Morphou, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153358"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153358"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06832115,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"4","first_page":"1702","last_page":"1702"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10356","display_name":"Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3505","display_name":"Orthodontics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10356","display_name":"Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3505","display_name":"Orthodontics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11374","display_name":"Cleft Lip and Palate Research","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skeletal-malocclusion","display_name":"skeletal malocclusion","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class-i-malocclusion","display_name":"Class I malocclusion","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class-ii-malocclusion","display_name":"Class II malocclusion","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class-iii-malocclusion","display_name":"Class III malocclusion","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-aesthetics","display_name":"facial aesthetics","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthodontic-esthetics","display_name":"orthodontic esthetics","score":0.546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/professional-expertise","display_name":"professional expertise","score":0.5009999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociodemographic-factors","display_name":"sociodemographic factors","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mandibular-retrognathism","display_name":"mandibular retrognathism","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maxillary-retrusion","display_name":"maxillary retrusion","score":0.9639999866485596}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178910020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2211994","display_name":"Sagittal plane","level":2,"score":0.7315999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31173074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2632514","display_name":"Attractiveness","level":2,"score":0.7013000249862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5390999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994111384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q758234","display_name":"Facial attractiveness","level":3,"score":0.5245000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29694066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118301","display_name":"Orthodontics","level":1,"score":0.4984999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.47429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.42419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776347944","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3311217","display_name":"Orthognathic surgery","level":2,"score":0.3718999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986587452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical analysis","level":2,"score":0.3540000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199343813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128","display_name":"Dentistry","level":1,"score":0.326200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777081826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2418904","display_name":"Cephalometry","level":2,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65409693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425265","display_name":"Statistical significance","level":2,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018023364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425265","display_name":"Significant difference","level":2,"score":0.26759999990463257}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/app16041702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16041702","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16041702","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/16/4/1702/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b1039256582f46d481d2946d13b2bc6f","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b1039256582f46d481d2946d13b2bc6f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences, Vol 16, Iss 4, p 1702 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app16041702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16041702","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16041702","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/16/4/1702/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.504800021648407,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.6412290334701538,"display_name":"Gender equality"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128360692.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128360692.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Facial":[0],"profile":[1,67,92,136,165,187,285,290],"esthetics":[2],"play":[3],"a":[4,143,151,292],"pivotal":[5],"role":[6,204],"in":[7,232],"orthodontic":[8,118,298,322],"diagnoses,":[9],"treatment":[10,323],"planning,":[11],"and":[12,24,30,51,54,62,106,126,130,148,183,194,219,245,265,277,305,316],"patient":[13],"satisfaction;":[14],"however,":[15],"the":[16,38,57,80,90,162,191,206,227,239,281,288,311],"perception":[17,282],"of":[18,41,59,283,313],"facial":[19,44,66,74,135,146,164,284],"attractiveness":[20,40],"is":[21],"inherently":[22],"subjective":[23],"varies":[25],"according":[26,237],"to":[27,36,55,160,171,238],"professional":[28,60,104,240,303],"expertise":[29,299],"sociocultural":[31,278],"background.":[32],"This":[33,109],"study":[34,112],"aimed":[35],"compare":[37],"perceived":[39,78],"standardized":[42,133,144],"sagittal":[43,134,163],"profiles":[45,75],"across":[46,83,198],"skeletal":[47],"Class":[48],"I,":[49],"II,":[50],"III":[52],"patterns":[53],"investigate":[56],"influence":[58],"training":[61,105,255],"sociodemographic":[63,107],"variables":[64],"on":[65,103],"evaluations.":[68],"It":[69],"was":[70,256],"hypothesized":[71],"that":[72],"straight":[73,186,289],"would":[76,93],"be":[77,94],"as":[79,96,190,205,226],"most":[81,192,195],"attractive":[82,193],"all":[84,199],"observer":[85],"groups,":[86,201],"while":[87,268],"deviations":[88],"from":[89,142],"orthognathic":[91],"rated":[95,225],"less":[97],"attractive,":[98],"with":[99,258],"significant":[100],"differences":[101,231],"based":[102],"variables.":[108],"cross-sectional":[110],"descriptive":[111],"included":[113],"509":[114],"participants,":[115],"comprising":[116],"orthodontists,":[117],"Ph.D.":[119],"students,":[120,129],"general":[121],"dentists,":[122,124],"specialist":[123],"first-":[125],"fifth-year":[127],"dental":[128],"laypersons.":[131],"Seven":[132],"silhouettes":[137],"(S1\u2013S7)":[138],"were":[139,157,175,223,235],"digitally":[140],"generated":[141],"lateral":[145],"photograph":[147],"evaluated":[149],"using":[150,177],"seven-point":[152],"visual":[153],"analog":[154],"scale.":[155],"Participants":[156],"also":[158],"asked":[159],"identify":[161],"range":[166],"(S8)":[167],"they":[168],"ideally":[169],"preferred":[170,197],"possess.":[172],"Intergroup":[173],"comparisons":[174],"performed":[176],"non-parametric":[178],"statistical":[179],"tests":[180],"(Mann\u2013Whitney":[181],"U":[182],"Kruskal\u2013Wallis).":[184],"The":[185],"(S3)":[188],"emerged":[189],"frequently":[196],"participant":[200],"confirming":[202],"its":[203],"dominant":[207],"esthetic":[208,233,272],"reference.":[209],"Retrusive":[210],"profiles,":[211,267],"particularly":[212],"bimaxillary":[213],"retrusion":[214,221],"(S2),":[215],"mandibular":[216],"retrognathism":[217],"(S5),":[218],"maxillary":[220],"(S6),":[222],"consistently":[224],"least":[228],"attractive.":[229],"Significant":[230],"perceptions":[234],"observed":[236],"expertise,":[241],"educational":[242],"level,":[243],"age,":[244],"nationality,":[246],"whereas":[247],"gender":[248],"had":[249],"no":[250],"clinically":[251],"meaningful":[252],"effect.":[253],"Orthodontic":[254],"associated":[257],"increasingly":[259],"critical":[260],"evaluations,":[261],"especially":[262],"for":[263],"protrusive":[264],"convex":[266],"laypersons":[269],"demonstrated":[270],"greater":[271],"tolerance.":[273],"Both":[274],"anatomical":[275],"characteristics":[276],"experience":[279],"shape":[280],"esthetics.":[286],"While":[287],"represents":[291],"widely":[293],"shared":[294],"aesthetic":[295],"ideal,":[296],"increasing":[297],"accentuates":[300],"discrepancies":[301],"between":[302],"standards":[304],"public":[306],"preferences.":[307],"These":[308],"findings":[309],"underscore":[310],"necessity":[312],"integrating":[314],"patient-centered":[315],"culturally":[317],"sensitive":[318],"considerations":[319],"into":[320],"contemporary":[321],"planning.":[324]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2026-02-10T00:00:00"}