{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128360424","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18521820","title":"Median-Distance Geometry: A Low-Tech Method for Measuring Linear Objects","display_name":"Median-Distance Geometry: A Low-Tech Method for Measuring Linear Objects","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128360424","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18521820"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18521820","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18521820","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18521820","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"ConferencePaper"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18521820","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060719971","display_name":"Gabriel Scarmana","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185523456","display_name":"University of Southern Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjbnx57","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Scarmana, Gabriel","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern Queensland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern Queensland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060719971"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13511","display_name":"Geodetic Measurements and Engineering Structures","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13511","display_name":"Geodetic Measurements and Engineering Structures","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13487","display_name":"Statistical and numerical algorithms","score":0.0035000001080334187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2604","display_name":"Applied Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.002199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distance-profile","display_name":"distance profile","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-navigation","display_name":"GNSS navigation","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/angular-measurement-error","display_name":"angular measurement error","score":0.4650000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conifers","display_name":"conifers","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-station-comparison","display_name":"total station comparison","score":0.7720000147819519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780704645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9251458","display_name":"Observer (physics)","level":2,"score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.53329998254776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5160999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5123000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.45089998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4352000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90119067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43260","display_name":"Polynomial","level":2,"score":0.4307999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4059000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810214","display_name":"Base (topology)","level":2,"score":0.39640000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.38940000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.3874000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3707999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3675000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21353171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Length measurement","level":2,"score":0.3538999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.3479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19619285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196372","display_name":"Observational error","level":2,"score":0.337799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2639959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1344778","display_name":"Distance measures","level":2,"score":0.33309999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150627866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076893","display_name":"Field of view","level":2,"score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3142000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104065381","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1002535","display_name":"Geometric modeling","level":2,"score":0.30799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986158284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Distance measurement","level":2,"score":0.30799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2888999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73621898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2940504","display_name":"Distance transform","level":3,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.28600001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118530786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134732","display_name":"Instrumentation (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190470478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370229","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","level":2,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7305733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207961","display_name":"Geometric shape","level":2,"score":0.2578999996185303}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18521820","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18521820","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18521820","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"ConferencePaper"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18521821","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18521821","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18521821","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"ConferencePaper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18521820","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18521820","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18521820","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"ConferencePaper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4249223245","https://openalex.org/W7203544396","https://openalex.org/W7002156633","https://openalex.org/W2350655635","https://openalex.org/W2039574536","https://openalex.org/W7098725207","https://openalex.org/W2261584990","https://openalex.org/W7095638833","https://openalex.org/W1619662010","https://openalex.org/W6889782323"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,142],"proof-of-concept":[1],"study":[2],"explores":[3],"a":[4,24,104,121,173,221,241,271,337],"geometric":[5,129,243],"method":[6,81,335],"for":[7,124,149,302],"estimating":[8],"the":[9,33,36,41,80,98,111,127,139,146,151,163,209,212,228,232,235,250,332],"length":[10,154],"of":[11,40,100,162,211,214,224,312,319],"vertical,":[12],"inclined,":[13],"or":[14,46,71,207,278,290,340,352],"horizontal":[15,261],"objects":[16],"using":[17],"only":[18],"line-of-sight":[19],"distance":[20,101,164,230],"measurements":[21,49,102,301],"obtained":[22,158],"from":[23,32],"single":[25],"observation":[26],"point.":[27],"The":[28,254],"approach":[29,255],"requires":[30],"distances":[31,233],"observer":[34,200],"to":[35,63,93,199,234,248,259,342],"two":[37,45,236],"end":[38,237],"points":[39,59,238],"object,":[42],"together":[43],"with":[44,197,298,310],"more":[47],"intermediate":[48,58],"taken":[50],"at":[51],"arbitrary":[52],"positions":[53],"along":[54,110],"its":[55,134],"span.":[56],"These":[57,328],"do":[60],"not":[61,83],"need":[62],"be":[64,69,118,157,204,246,268],"evenly":[65],"spaced":[66],"and":[67,91,106,155,180,231,263,266,307,324,345],"may":[68,117,203,267],"irregularly":[70],"approximately":[72],"located,":[73],"reflecting":[74],"realistic":[75],"field":[76,225,292],"acquisition":[77],"conditions.":[78,226],"Importantly,":[79],"does":[82],"require":[84],"angular":[85,94,285],"observations,":[86],"thereby":[87,216],"reducing":[88],"instrumentation":[89],"complexity":[90],"sensitivity":[92],"measurement":[95,273,354],"errors.When":[96],"plotted,":[97],"set":[99],"forms":[103],"smooth":[105],"readily":[107],"interpretable":[108],"profile":[109,116],"object\u2019s":[112,152],"extent.":[113],"Although":[114],"this":[115],"represented":[119],"by":[120,138],"low-order":[122],"polynomial":[123],"illustrative":[125],"purposes,":[126],"essential":[128],"insight":[130],"is":[131,175,195,256,287],"contained":[132],"in":[133,178,282,350],"central":[135],"tendency,":[136],"expressed":[137],"median":[140,143,229],"distance.":[141],"serves":[144],"as":[145,270],"key":[147],"indicator":[148],"inferring":[150],"true":[153],"can":[156,245],"through":[159],"straightforward":[160],"interpretations":[161],"profile,":[165],"without":[166],"reliance":[167],"on":[168],"formal":[169],"curve-fitting":[170],"procedures.":[171],"Such":[172],"formulation":[174],"particularly":[176,281,349],"attractive":[177],"navigation":[179,277],"positioning":[181,347],"contexts":[182],"where":[183,284],"robust":[184],"summary":[185],"measures":[186],"are":[187,239],"often":[188],"preferred":[189],"over":[190],"fully":[191],"parameterised":[192],"models.The":[193],"technique":[194],"flexible":[196],"respect":[198],"placement,":[201],"which":[202],"located":[205],"above":[206],"below":[208],"base":[210],"object":[213,252],"interest,":[215],"enabling":[217],"practical":[218,338],"use":[219],"across":[220],"wide":[222],"range":[223],"Once":[227],"established,":[240],"simple":[242],"model":[244],"applied":[247],"estimate":[249],"total":[251,299],"length.":[253],"equally":[257],"applicable":[258],"linear":[260,308],"features":[262],"planar":[264],"structures":[265],"envisaged":[269],"complementary":[272],"strategy":[274],"within":[275],"GNSS":[276],"mapping":[279],"frameworks,":[280],"situations":[283],"information":[286],"unavailable,":[288],"degraded,":[289],"unreliable.Preliminary":[291],"trials":[293],"demonstrate":[294],"encouraging":[295],"performance.":[296],"Comparisons":[297],"station":[300],"conifer":[303],"trees,":[304],"electricity":[305],"poles,":[306],"fences":[309],"spans":[311],"20\u201325":[313],"m":[314],"yielded":[315],"average":[316],"RMSE":[317],"values":[318],"\u00b10.65":[320],"m,":[321,323,326],"\u00b10.52":[322],"\u00b10.38":[325],"respectively.":[327],"results":[329],"suggest":[330],"that":[331],"proposed":[333],"low-tech":[334],"offers":[336],"alternative,":[339],"adjunct,":[341],"established":[343],"surveying":[344],"GNSS-supported":[346],"practices,":[348],"constrained":[351],"opportunistic":[353],"scenarios.":[355]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-07T09:51:55.459714","created_date":"2026-02-10T00:00:00"}
