{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128318977","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18040560","title":"The Effects of Microbiome Modulating Therapies on Inflammatory Markers in Autoimmune Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","display_name":"The Effects of Microbiome Modulating Therapies on Inflammatory Markers in Autoimmune Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128318977","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18040560","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41754077","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12943447"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/nu18040560","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18040560","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18040560","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/18/4/560/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110785341","display_name":"Nutrients","issn_l":"2072-6643","issn":["2072-6643"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nutrients","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/18/4/560/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036113371","display_name":"Ghalya Ashkanani","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152471","display_name":"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar","ror":"https://ror.org/05v5hg569","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92528248","display_name":"Qatar Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/01cawbq05","country_code":"QA","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92528248"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghalya Ashkanani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Weill Cornell Medical College Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Weill Cornell Medical College Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152471","https://openalex.org/I92528248"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113311920","display_name":"Mlaak Rob","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8458-2382","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8458-2382"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152471","display_name":"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar","ror":"https://ror.org/05v5hg569","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92528248","display_name":"Qatar Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/01cawbq05","country_code":"QA","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92528248"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mlaak Rob","raw_affiliation_strings":["Weill Cornell Medical College Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8458-2382","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Weill Cornell Medical College Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152471","https://openalex.org/I92528248"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071988306","display_name":"Mahmoud Yousef","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0944-9644","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0944-9644"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152471","display_name":"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar","ror":"https://ror.org/05v5hg569","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92528248","display_name":"Qatar Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/01cawbq05","country_code":"QA","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92528248"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahmoud Yousef","raw_affiliation_strings":["Weill Cornell Medical College Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0944-9644","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Weill Cornell Medical College Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152471","https://openalex.org/I92528248"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019125104","display_name":"Alia Ashkanani","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152471","display_name":"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar","ror":"https://ror.org/05v5hg569","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92528248","display_name":"Qatar Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/01cawbq05","country_code":"QA","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92528248"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alia Ashkanani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Weill Cornell Medical College Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Weill Cornell Medical College Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152471","https://openalex.org/I92528248"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071125939","display_name":"Yousef A. Al-Najjar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1639-7199","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1639-7199"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152471","display_name":"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar","ror":"https://ror.org/05v5hg569","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92528248","display_name":"Qatar Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/01cawbq05","country_code":"QA","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92528248"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yousef A. Al-Najjar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Weill Cornell Medical College Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1639-7199","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Weill Cornell Medical College Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152471","https://openalex.org/I92528248"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058183411","display_name":"Sa\u2019ad Laws","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9566-5459","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9566-5459"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152471","display_name":"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar","ror":"https://ror.org/05v5hg569","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92528248","display_name":"Qatar Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/01cawbq05","country_code":"QA","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92528248"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sa\u2019ad Laws","raw_affiliation_strings":["Weill Cornell Medical College Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9566-5459","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Weill Cornell Medical College Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152471","https://openalex.org/I92528248"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036327217","display_name":"Ali Ch\u00e2ari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0171-143X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0171-143X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152471","display_name":"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar","ror":"https://ror.org/05v5hg569","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92528248","display_name":"Qatar Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/01cawbq05","country_code":"QA","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92528248"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ali Chaari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Weill Cornell Medical College Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0171-143X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Weill Cornell Medical College Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152471","https://openalex.org/I92528248"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036327217"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152471","https://openalex.org/I92528248"],"apc_list":{"value":2900,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3499},"apc_paid":{"value":2900,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3499},"fwci":1.8264,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81758422,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"4","first_page":"560","last_page":"560"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10141","display_name":"Probiotics and Fermented Foods","score":0.5849999785423279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10141","display_name":"Probiotics and Fermented Foods","score":0.5849999785423279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10066","display_name":"Gut microbiota and health","score":0.3767000138759613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10134","display_name":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease","score":0.028300000354647636,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2715","display_name":"Gastroenterology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoimmune-disease","display_name":"autoimmune disease","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gut-microbiota","display_name":"gut microbiota","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probiotics","display_name":"probiotics","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prebiotics","display_name":"prebiotics","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synbiotics","display_name":"synbiotics","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fecal-microbiota-transplantation","display_name":"fecal microbiota transplantation","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inflammatory-markers","display_name":"inflammatory markers","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/c-reactive-protein","display_name":"C-reactive protein","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tnf-alpha","display_name":"TNF-\u03b1","score":0.953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/il-10","display_name":"IL-10","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interleukin-6","display_name":"interleukin-6","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gut-immune-axis","display_name":"gut-immune axis","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rheumatoid-arthritis","display_name":"rheumatoid arthritis","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-sclerosis","display_name":"multiple sclerosis","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inflammatory-bowel-disease","display_name":"inflammatory bowel disease","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systemic-lupus-erythematosus","display_name":"systemic lupus erythematosus","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypothyroidism","display_name":"hypothyroidism","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/axial-spondyloarthritis","display_name":"axial spondyloarthritis","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/juvenile-idiopathic-arthritis","display_name":"juvenile idiopathic arthritis","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nutraceuticals","display_name":"nutraceuticals","score":0.8500000238418579}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143121216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1330402","display_name":"Microbiome","level":2,"score":0.7502999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.6043000221252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776914184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101991","display_name":"Inflammation","level":2,"score":0.5925999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779075594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8084905","display_name":"Autoimmune disease","level":3,"score":0.4894999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.40059998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019978661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739734","display_name":"Gut microbiome","level":3,"score":0.3192000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776252253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7663815","display_name":"Systemic inflammation","level":3,"score":0.31200000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78635009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2109172","display_name":"Hygiene hypothesis","level":3,"score":0.30329999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.29440000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.2888999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163764329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q785022","display_name":"Autoantibody","level":3,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780130043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192360","display_name":"Autoimmunity","level":3,"score":0.2791000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156730664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23308590","display_name":"Interleukin 23","level":4,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648854","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2745824","display_name":"Immunopathology","level":2,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019752601","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101991","display_name":"Inflammatory mediator","level":3,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91478284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6623796","display_name":"Human microbiome","level":3,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13373296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421866","display_name":"Chemokine","level":3,"score":0.2524000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069196","descriptor_name":"Gastrointestinal Microbiome","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069467","descriptor_name":"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001327","descriptor_name":"Autoimmune Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001327","descriptor_name":"Autoimmune Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001327","descriptor_name":"Autoimmune Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001327","descriptor_name":"Autoimmune Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007249","descriptor_name":"Inflammation","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016032","descriptor_name":"Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019587","descriptor_name":"Dietary Supplements","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019936","descriptor_name":"Probiotics","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019936","descriptor_name":"Probiotics","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D056692","descriptor_name":"Prebiotics","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058616","descriptor_name":"Synbiotics","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/nu18040560","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18040560","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18040560","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/18/4/560/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110785341","display_name":"Nutrients","issn_l":"2072-6643","issn":["2072-6643"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nutrients","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41754077","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41754077","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nutrients","raw_type":"Systematic Review"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12943447","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12943447/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nutrients","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/nu18040560","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18040560","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18040560","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/18/4/560/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110785341","display_name":"Nutrients","issn_l":"2072-6643","issn":["2072-6643"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nutrients","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"},{"display_name":"Meta-Analysis","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334416","display_name":"Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar","ror":"https://ror.org/05v5hg569"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128318977.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128318977.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":78,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1420654867","https://openalex.org/W1540298277","https://openalex.org/W1583799593","https://openalex.org/W1974424681","https://openalex.org/W1984280786","https://openalex.org/W1990873894","https://openalex.org/W1999906527","https://openalex.org/W2006871521","https://openalex.org/W2026020979","https://openalex.org/W2039605189","https://openalex.org/W2052020987","https://openalex.org/W2052666754","https://openalex.org/W2053889157","https://openalex.org/W2056812430","https://openalex.org/W2057619726","https://openalex.org/W2063407488","https://openalex.org/W2077553363","https://openalex.org/W2107046061","https://openalex.org/W2107432039","https://openalex.org/W2122839875","https://openalex.org/W2122978163","https://openalex.org/W2131691027","https://openalex.org/W2148512105","https://openalex.org/W2154276474","https://openalex.org/W2155547704","https://openalex.org/W2161074777","https://openalex.org/W2165067288","https://openalex.org/W2345975446","https://openalex.org/W2373140608","https://openalex.org/W2402322497","https://openalex.org/W2466484930","https://openalex.org/W2468422387","https://openalex.org/W2598798043","https://openalex.org/W2603850261","https://openalex.org/W2613400504","https://openalex.org/W2755198076","https://openalex.org/W2765228582","https://openalex.org/W2766046358","https://openalex.org/W2885492105","https://openalex.org/W2898801800","https://openalex.org/W2910100806","https://openalex.org/W2968216149","https://openalex.org/W2983955950","https://openalex.org/W3029724060","https://openalex.org/W3033276525","https://openalex.org/W3039238807","https://openalex.org/W3039497298","https://openalex.org/W3099273656","https://openalex.org/W3102563980","https://openalex.org/W3123893780","https://openalex.org/W3151963551","https://openalex.org/W3174835154","https://openalex.org/W3207200577","https://openalex.org/W4210444875","https://openalex.org/W4214526881","https://openalex.org/W4281259427","https://openalex.org/W4282919004","https://openalex.org/W4283578497","https://openalex.org/W4291149859","https://openalex.org/W4292229999","https://openalex.org/W4296103269","https://openalex.org/W4296162804","https://openalex.org/W4300003006","https://openalex.org/W4306160226","https://openalex.org/W4307945731","https://openalex.org/W4310019147","https://openalex.org/W4311623608","https://openalex.org/W4322630209","https://openalex.org/W4372214968","https://openalex.org/W4376112749","https://openalex.org/W4388035477","https://openalex.org/W4388342205","https://openalex.org/W4390442348","https://openalex.org/W4396619813","https://openalex.org/W4403586549","https://openalex.org/W4403990587","https://openalex.org/W4410641128","https://openalex.org/W4416254211"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7143509289","https://openalex.org/W7218233750","https://openalex.org/W7215721943","https://openalex.org/W4392755989","https://openalex.org/W4417427231","https://openalex.org/W4412878369","https://openalex.org/W4414331588","https://openalex.org/W7220437307","https://openalex.org/W4410925450","https://openalex.org/W3199046792"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Autoimmune":[1],"diseases":[2],"(ADs)":[3],"are":[4,184,257],"a":[5,21,54,132],"growing":[6],"global":[7],"health":[8],"burden,":[9],"driven":[10],"by":[11,186],"chronic":[12],"inflammation":[13,241],"and":[14,44,57,65,117,148,178,213,225,265],"immune":[15],"dysregulation.":[16],"The":[17,166],"gut-immune":[18],"axis":[19],"plays":[20],"central":[22],"role":[23],"in":[24,76,103,135,173,218,242],"their":[25],"pathogenesis,":[26],"with":[27,254],"dysbiosis":[28],"linked":[29],"to":[30,112,127,143,161,259,271],"several":[31],"conditions.":[32],"This":[33],"has":[34],"prompted":[35],"investigation":[36],"into":[37],"nutraceuticals":[38,235],"such":[39],"as":[40,48,194],"probiotics,":[41],"prebiotics,":[42],"synbiotics,":[43],"fecal":[45],"microbiota":[46],"transplantation":[47],"adjunctive":[49],"therapies.":[50],"Methods:":[51],"We":[52],"conducted":[53],"systematic":[55],"review":[56],"meta-analysis":[58],"following":[59],"PRISMA":[60],"guidelines,":[61],"searching":[62],"PubMed,":[63],"Embase,":[64],"Web":[66],"of":[67,169],"Science":[68],"for":[69,206,238],"randomized":[70,81],"controlled":[71],"trials":[72,83],"evaluating":[73],"these":[74],"interventions":[75],"autoimmune":[77,244],"diseases.":[78],"Results:":[79],"Twenty-eight":[80],"control":[82],"(RCTs)":[84],"involving":[85],"2002":[86],"patients":[87],"across":[88,230],"11":[89],"countries":[90],"met":[91],"inclusion":[92],"criteria.":[93],"Across":[94],"the":[95],"included":[96],"RCTs,":[97],"pooled":[98],"analyses":[99],"demonstrated":[100],"significant":[101,133,151],"reductions":[102],"c-reactive":[104],"protein":[105],"(CRP)":[106],"(SMD":[107,122,138,156],"\u22120.67,":[108],"95%":[109,124,140,158],"CI":[110,125,141,159],"\u22121.00":[111],"\u22120.33;":[113],"I2":[114,129,145],"=":[115,130,146,164],"80.8%)":[116],"Tumor":[118],"necrosis":[119],"factor-alpha":[120],"(TNF-\u03b1)":[121],"\u22121.81,":[123],"\u22122.67":[126],"\u22120.94;":[128],"96%),":[131],"increase":[134],"Interleukin-10":[136],"(IL-10)":[137],"2.65,":[139],"0.64":[142],"4.66;":[144],"98%),":[147],"no":[149],"overall":[150],"effect":[152],"on":[153],"Interleukin-6":[154],"(IL-6)":[155],"\u22120.89,":[157],"\u22121.99":[160],"0.22;":[162],"p":[163],"0.12).":[165],"strongest":[167],"evidence":[168],"benefit":[170],"was":[171],"observed":[172],"rheumatoid":[174],"arthritis,":[175],"multiple":[176],"sclerosis,":[177],"inflammatory":[179],"bowel":[180],"disease.":[181],"Pooled":[182],"effects":[183],"limited":[185,200,228],"extreme":[187],"between-study":[188],"heterogeneity":[189],"(I2":[190],"80\u201398%),":[191],"leaving":[192],"interpretation":[193],"exploratory":[195],"rather":[196],"than":[197],"definitive.":[198],"More":[199],"or":[201],"inconsistent":[202],"findings":[203],"were":[204],"reported":[205],"systemic":[207,240],"lupus":[208],"erythematosus,":[209],"hypothyroidism,":[210],"axial":[211],"spondylarthritis,":[212],"juvenile":[214],"idiopathic":[215],"arthritis.":[216],"Heterogeneity":[217],"study":[219],"design,":[220],"probiotic":[221],"strain":[222],"selection,":[223],"dosage,":[224],"treatment":[226],"duration":[227],"comparability":[229],"trials.":[231],"Conclusions:":[232],"Overall,":[233],"microbiome-targeted":[234],"appear":[236],"promising":[237],"attenuating":[239],"select":[243],"conditions,":[245],"but":[246],"results":[247],"remain":[248],"mixed.":[249],"Larger,":[250],"rigorously":[251],"designed":[252],"RCTs":[253],"standardized":[255],"endpoints":[256],"needed":[258],"clarify":[260],"efficacy,":[261],"identify":[262],"optimal":[263],"formulations,":[264],"define":[266],"patient":[267],"populations":[268],"most":[269],"likely":[270],"benefit.":[272]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-02-09T00:00:00"}