{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128314702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ae42f8","title":"A dual-branch transformer architecture for inverse design of reconfigurable metasurface","display_name":"A dual-branch transformer architecture for inverse design of reconfigurable metasurface","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128314702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ae42f8"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/1402-4896/ae42f8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ae42f8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ae42f8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59012888","display_name":"Physica Scripta","issn_l":"0031-8949","issn":["0031-8949","1402-4896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physica Scripta","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7128314702"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100686027","display_name":"Lei Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2661-7052","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2661-7052","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9877-1337"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111971639","display_name":"Qiqihar University","ror":"https://ror.org/01khf5d59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111971639"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communication and Electronics Engineering Institute, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, People\u2019s Republic of China","Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Big Data Network Security Detection and Analysis, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161000, People\u2019s Republic of China","School of Computer and Control Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2661-7052","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communication and Electronics Engineering Institute, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111971639"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Big Data Network Security Detection and Analysis, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161000, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111971639"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Control Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111971639"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125349095","display_name":"Yubin Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111971639","display_name":"Qiqihar University","ror":"https://ror.org/01khf5d59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111971639"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yubin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communication and Electronics Engineering Institute, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communication and Electronics Engineering Institute, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111971639"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122336541","display_name":"Liang Dong","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111971639","display_name":"Qiqihar University","ror":"https://ror.org/01khf5d59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111971639"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communication and Electronics Engineering Institute, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communication and Electronics Engineering Institute, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111971639"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121316271","display_name":"Xumin Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7725-790X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7725-790X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xumin Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Microscopy and Instrumentation Research Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7725-790X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Microscopy and Instrumentation Research Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2400},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"101","issue":"7","first_page":"076005","last_page":"076005"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10245","display_name":"Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications","score":0.9653000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10245","display_name":"Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications","score":0.9653000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.030300000682473183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11948","display_name":"Machine Learning in Materials Science","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reconfigurable-metasurface","display_name":"reconfigurable metasurface","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-design","display_name":"inverse design","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"transformer models","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gated-recurrent-unit","display_name":"gated recurrent unit","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-transitions","display_name":"phase transitions","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vanadium-dioxide","display_name":"vanadium dioxide","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metasurface-holography","display_name":"metasurface holography","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-change-materials","display_name":"phase change materials","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-scarce-learning","display_name":"data-scarce learning","score":0.7459999918937683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6424999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207467116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4385666","display_name":"Inverse","level":2,"score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.5627999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5442000031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.527899980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.48019999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187590223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q527628","display_name":"Holography","level":2,"score":0.47450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.4291999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.41679999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.3817000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780615836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2471869","display_name":"USable","level":2,"score":0.3767000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639681","display_name":"Network architecture","level":2,"score":0.34540000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75553542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178161","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","level":2,"score":0.3203999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.30970001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1893757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3653001","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","level":3,"score":0.30709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113407356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1431214","display_name":"Spectral leakage","level":3,"score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135252773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1567213","display_name":"Inverse problem","level":2,"score":0.3012999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177774035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1246948","display_name":"Granularity","level":2,"score":0.27489998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173871940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471846","display_name":"Three-phase","level":3,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2662999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.2563999891281128}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1088/1402-4896/ae42f8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ae42f8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ae42f8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59012888","display_name":"Physica Scripta","issn_l":"0031-8949","issn":["0031-8949","1402-4896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physica Scripta","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4943999946117401,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4849151203","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PL2025F049","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323085","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323085","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2288764910","https://openalex.org/W2573137292","https://openalex.org/W2604162648","https://openalex.org/W2798931691","https://openalex.org/W2801674105","https://openalex.org/W2808523100","https://openalex.org/W2890528938","https://openalex.org/W2919332938","https://openalex.org/W2920876745","https://openalex.org/W2980873515","https://openalex.org/W3047717375","https://openalex.org/W3131350938","https://openalex.org/W3197635073","https://openalex.org/W3199063163","https://openalex.org/W4206716844","https://openalex.org/W4223430845","https://openalex.org/W4223546025","https://openalex.org/W4223969652","https://openalex.org/W4225314169","https://openalex.org/W4229442168","https://openalex.org/W4306405725","https://openalex.org/W4307573767","https://openalex.org/W4312192728","https://openalex.org/W4312739897","https://openalex.org/W4313397103","https://openalex.org/W4317497275","https://openalex.org/W4323529986","https://openalex.org/W4379931462","https://openalex.org/W4382344751","https://openalex.org/W4388824151","https://openalex.org/W4391014398","https://openalex.org/W4391141450","https://openalex.org/W4396494756","https://openalex.org/W4396878024","https://openalex.org/W4398250549","https://openalex.org/W4400210936","https://openalex.org/W4401524589","https://openalex.org/W4402378391","https://openalex.org/W4403953237","https://openalex.org/W4405978994","https://openalex.org/W4406025820","https://openalex.org/W4411953846","https://openalex.org/W4412091440","https://openalex.org/W4412623513","https://openalex.org/W4414265486"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7168297139","https://openalex.org/W7164299441","https://openalex.org/W7162520697","https://openalex.org/W4416154367","https://openalex.org/W7160981323","https://openalex.org/W3203563994","https://openalex.org/W4414122778","https://openalex.org/W7160664656","https://openalex.org/W7155409327","https://openalex.org/W4415178794"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Metasurfaces":[1],"enable":[2],"advanced":[3],"multifunctional":[4],"applications":[5],"by":[6,150],"controlling":[7],"electromagnetic":[8],"(EM)":[9],"wavefronts.":[10],"While":[11],"deep":[12],"learning":[13],"has":[14],"aided":[15],"EM":[16,88],"design,":[17,168],"existing":[18],"methods":[19],"struggle":[20],"with":[21,106,133],"global":[22],"spectral":[23,45,115,123],"features":[24],"and":[25,29,47,72,113,125,180],"discontinuous":[26],"phase":[27,96],"transitions":[28],"require":[30],"large":[31],"datasets.":[32],"To":[33],"address":[34],"these":[35],"limitations,":[36],"we":[37],"propose":[38],"a":[39,63,73,114,134,170],"Transformer-based":[40],"framework":[41,59,172],"that":[42,93,145],"captures":[43],"long-range":[44],"correlations":[46],"integrates":[48],"physics-informed":[49],"adaptive":[50,91],"weighting":[51,92],"to":[52,87,153],"perform":[53],"well":[54],"under":[55,160],"data-scarce":[56,161],"conditions.":[57,162],"Our":[58],"includes":[60],"two":[61],"parts:":[62],"hybrid":[64],"Transformer-Gated":[65],"Recurrent":[66],"Unit":[67],"(GRU)":[68],"forward":[69,82],"prediction":[70],"network":[71,83,100],"Mirror":[74],"Dual-Branch":[75],"Transformer":[76,155],"(MDT)":[77],"inverse":[78,99],"design":[79,148],"network.":[80],"The":[81,98,163],"maps":[84],"structural":[85],"parameters":[86],"responses":[89],"via":[90],"emphasizes":[94],"abrupt":[95],"transitions.":[97],"uses":[101],"an":[102],"innovative":[103],"MDT":[104,146],"architecture":[105],"three":[107],"modules:":[108],"polarization":[109,120],"decoupling,":[110],"phase-sensitive":[111],"attention,":[112],"mirror":[116],"branch,":[117],"which":[118],"decouple":[119],"features,":[121],"refine":[122],"representation,":[124],"improve":[126],"modeling":[127],"accuracy.":[128],"We":[129],"validate":[130],"the":[131],"approach":[132],"vanadium":[135],"dioxide":[136],"(VO":[137],"2":[138],")":[139],"reconfigurable":[140],"holographic":[141],"metasurface.":[142],"Results":[143],"show":[144],"reduces":[147],"loss":[149],"45.5%":[151],"compared":[152],"conventional":[154],"methods,":[156],"notably":[157],"improving":[158],"accuracy":[159],"method":[164],"moves":[165],"beyond":[166],"static":[167],"offering":[169],"scalable":[171],"for":[173],"phase-change":[174],"material":[175],"control,":[176],"supporting":[177],"temperature-responsive":[178],"modulation":[179],"secure":[181],"information":[182],"encoding.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-02-09T00:00:00"}