{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128313594","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-38903-y","title":"Effect of fabrication error on the sensitivity of a one-dimensional photonic crystal sensor for cancer detection","display_name":"Effect of fabrication error on the sensitivity of a one-dimensional photonic crystal sensor for cancer detection","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128313594","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-38903-y","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41654574"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-38903-y","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-38903-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-38903-y","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-38903-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-38903-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013035252","display_name":"Ali Mohammadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5597-0408","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5597-0408"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204490172","display_name":"Shiraz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04bxa3v83","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204490172"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Mohammadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204490172"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139030541","display_name":"Seyed Asghar Mohammadi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204490172","display_name":"Shiraz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04bxa3v83","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204490172"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seyed Asghar Mohammadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204490172"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070094513","display_name":"Mehdi Hosseini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6504-4704","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6504-4704"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204490172","display_name":"Shiraz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04bxa3v83","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204490172"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehdi Hosseini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran. hosseini@sutech.ac.ir"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran. hosseini@sutech.ac.ir","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204490172"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204490172"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":8.1612,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97156465,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10666","display_name":"Photonic Crystals and Applications","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10666","display_name":"Photonic Crystals and Applications","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10295","display_name":"Plasmonic and Surface Plasmon Research","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11723","display_name":"Optical Coatings and Gratings","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2508","display_name":"Surfaces, Coatings and Films"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/one-dimensional-photonic-crystals","display_name":"one-dimensional photonic crystals","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photonic-crystal-biosensor","display_name":"photonic crystal biosensor","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manufacturing-errors","display_name":"manufacturing errors","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-sensitivity","display_name":"sensor sensitivity","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission-spectra","display_name":"transmission spectra","score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/full-width-at-half-maximum","display_name":"full width at half maximum","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incidence-angle","display_name":"angle of incidence","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-simulation","display_name":"statistical simulation","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer-detection","display_name":"cancer detection","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-robustness","display_name":"sensor robustness","score":0.9010000228881836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136525101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428139","display_name":"Fabrication","level":3,"score":0.8776999711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75302062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900150","display_name":"Photonic crystal","level":2,"score":0.536300003528595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.38089999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20788544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467054","display_name":"Photonics","level":2,"score":0.37959998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.3723999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.3515999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.3361000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156005064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7833984","display_name":"Transfer-matrix method (optics)","level":2,"score":0.32030001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.30720001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173064807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7233190","display_name":"Position error","level":3,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.28769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.2849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106487976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.2554999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19619285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196372","display_name":"Observational error","level":2,"score":0.25270000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-38903-y","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-38903-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-38903-y","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-38903-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7460517/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7460517/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7460517/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-7460517/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmid:41654574","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41654574","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific reports","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:deb2aa6b0d64460d85f4469567315578","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/deb2aa6b0d64460d85f4469567315578","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports, Vol 16, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12946206","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12946206/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sci Rep","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-38903-y","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-38903-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-38903-y","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-38903-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323101","display_name":"Shiraz University","ror":"https://ror.org/028qtbk54"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324503","display_name":"Shiraz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04bxa3v83"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128313594.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128313594.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1556998066","https://openalex.org/W1638281557","https://openalex.org/W1968801072","https://openalex.org/W2025169742","https://openalex.org/W2036560202","https://openalex.org/W2043419339","https://openalex.org/W2053416143","https://openalex.org/W2054039005","https://openalex.org/W2059199179","https://openalex.org/W2066271420","https://openalex.org/W2075689277","https://openalex.org/W2094214131","https://openalex.org/W2097082758","https://openalex.org/W2121382865","https://openalex.org/W2155316573","https://openalex.org/W2164697448","https://openalex.org/W2221784882","https://openalex.org/W2314509065","https://openalex.org/W2339696626","https://openalex.org/W2586880573","https://openalex.org/W2611581317","https://openalex.org/W2807039030","https://openalex.org/W2915088635","https://openalex.org/W2979513432","https://openalex.org/W2980935648","https://openalex.org/W2984806271","https://openalex.org/W3010597873","https://openalex.org/W3128339069","https://openalex.org/W3164826034","https://openalex.org/W3187281798","https://openalex.org/W3205965509","https://openalex.org/W4200610918","https://openalex.org/W4214715101","https://openalex.org/W4220934577","https://openalex.org/W4221121085","https://openalex.org/W4309074926","https://openalex.org/W4311282465","https://openalex.org/W4313332165","https://openalex.org/W4323022408","https://openalex.org/W4327566621","https://openalex.org/W4388540648","https://openalex.org/W4390508497","https://openalex.org/W4391136761","https://openalex.org/W4391707103","https://openalex.org/W4403000131","https://openalex.org/W4404244607","https://openalex.org/W4407086340","https://openalex.org/W4410330931","https://openalex.org/W4410747458"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"One-dimensional":[1],"photonic":[2],"crystal":[3],"(1D-PC)":[4],"biosensors":[5],"are":[6],"promising":[7],"for":[8,104,158,178],"applications":[9,180],"like":[10],"cancer":[11],"detection":[12],"due":[13],"to":[14,64,166,170],"their":[15,19,118],"high":[16,159],"sensitivity,":[17],"but":[18],"performance":[20,75],"is":[21],"often":[22],"compromised":[23],"by":[24],"unavoidable":[25],"fabrication":[26,99,167],"errors.":[27],"This":[28],"study":[29],"investigates":[30],"the":[31,46,53,73,102,105,127,143,151,183],"impact":[32],"of":[33,185],"such":[34],"errors":[35,68,100,168],"on":[36],"sensor":[37,136],"stability":[38],"and":[39,81,87,109,181],"reliability.":[40],"For":[41],"a":[42,175],"designed":[43],"1D-PC":[44],"biosensor,":[45],"transmission":[47,106],"spectrum":[48],"was":[49,61,132],"first":[50],"calculated":[51],"using":[52],"transfer":[54],"matrix":[55],"method":[56],"(TMM).":[57],"A":[58],"statistical":[59],"simulation":[60],"then":[62],"performed":[63],"analyze":[65],"how":[66],"random":[67],"in":[69],"layer":[70],"thickness":[71],"affect":[72],"sensor's":[74],"at":[76,82,112],"various":[77],"error":[78],"levels":[79],"(\u03b4)":[80],"two":[83],"incidence":[84,153],"angles,":[85],"0\u00b0":[86],"85\u00b0,":[88],"with":[89],"100":[90],"iterations":[91],"per":[92],"level.":[93],"The":[94,122,147],"results":[95],"showed":[96],"that":[97,134,150],"as":[98],"increase,":[101],"values":[103],"peak":[107],"position":[108],"Full":[110],"Width":[111],"Half":[113],"Maximum":[114],"(FWHM)":[115],"deviate":[116],"from":[117],"ideal,":[119,144],"error-free":[120,145],"state.":[121],"sensitivity":[123,160],"also":[124,162],"fluctuates":[125],"around":[126],"ideal":[128],"value.":[129,146],"Interestingly,":[130],"it":[131,174],"found":[133],"some":[135],"instances":[137],"could":[138],"achieve":[139],"sensitivities":[140],"higher":[141],"than":[142],"findings":[148],"confirm":[149],"85\u00b0":[152],"angle,":[154],"previously":[155],"optimized":[156],"1":[157],",":[161],"provides":[163],"enhanced":[164],"resistance":[165],"compared":[169],"normal":[171],"incidence,":[172],"making":[173],"robust":[176],"choice":[177],"practical":[179],"guiding":[182],"design":[184],"more":[186],"stable":[187],"biosensors.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2026-02-09T00:00:00"}