{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128313118","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3661575","title":"Applying Deep Learning and Machine Learning for Detecting Gender Bias in Teaching Student Feedback: Toward a Gender-Bias-Free University","display_name":"Applying Deep Learning and Machine Learning for Detecting Gender Bias in Teaching Student Feedback: Toward a Gender-Bias-Free University","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128313118","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3661575"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3661575","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3661575","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3661575","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7128313118"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3661575","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023453028","display_name":"Alejandra Segura-Navarrete","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9188-7919","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9188-7919"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I221450849","display_name":"University of B\u00edo-B\u00edo","ror":"https://ror.org/04dndfk38","country_code":"CL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I221450849"]}],"countries":["CL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alejandra Segura-Navarrete","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Concepci\u00f3n, Chile"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9188-7919","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Concepci\u00f3n, Chile","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I221450849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080667416","display_name":"Claudia Mart\u00ednez-Araneda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0949-7415","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0949-7415"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38685851","display_name":"Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de la Sant\u00edsima Concepci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/03y6k2j68","country_code":"CL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38685851"]}],"countries":["CL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claudia Mart\u00ednez-Araneda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de la Sant\u00edsima Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n, Chile"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0949-7415","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de la Sant\u00edsima Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n, Chile","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38685851"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034257178","display_name":"Soledad Mart\u00ednez Labr\u00edn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1110-9066","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1110-9066"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I221450849","display_name":"University of B\u00edo-B\u00edo","ror":"https://ror.org/04dndfk38","country_code":"CL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I221450849"]}],"countries":["CL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soledad Mart\u00ednez-Labr\u00edn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Social Sciences, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Chill\u00e1n, Chile"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1110-9066","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Social Sciences, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Chill\u00e1n, Chile","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I221450849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103126254","display_name":"Pedro G\u00f3mez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8343-9558","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8343-9558"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38685851","display_name":"Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de la Sant\u00edsima Concepci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/03y6k2j68","country_code":"CL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38685851"]}],"countries":["CL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedro G\u00f3mez-Meneses","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de la Sant\u00edsima Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n, Chile"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8343-9558","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de la Sant\u00edsima Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n, Chile","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38685851"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047574990","display_name":"Christian Vidal\u2010Castro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6881-5156","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6881-5156"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I221450849","display_name":"University of B\u00edo-B\u00edo","ror":"https://ror.org/04dndfk38","country_code":"CL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I221450849"]}],"countries":["CL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Vidal-Castro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Concepci\u00f3n, Chile"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6881-5156","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Concepci\u00f3n, Chile","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I221450849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125362239","display_name":"Sebasti\u00e1n Espinoza-Silva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8681-7563","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8681-7563"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I221450849","display_name":"University of B\u00edo-B\u00edo","ror":"https://ror.org/04dndfk38","country_code":"CL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I221450849"]}],"countries":["CL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebasti\u00e1n Espinoza-Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Concepci\u00f3n, Chile"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8681-7563","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Concepci\u00f3n, Chile","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I221450849"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014914876","display_name":"Tatiana Guti\u00e9rrez-Bunster","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7324-0713","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7324-0713"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I221450849","display_name":"University of B\u00edo-B\u00edo","ror":"https://ror.org/04dndfk38","country_code":"CL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I221450849"]}],"countries":["CL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tatiana Guti\u00e9rrez-Bunster","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Concepci\u00f3n, Chile"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7324-0713","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Concepci\u00f3n, Chile","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I221450849"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"apc_paid":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"fwci":1.3951,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80881696,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"21257","last_page":"21278"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.40549999475479126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.40549999475479126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.32670000195503235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.15320000052452087,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-bias-detection","display_name":"gender bias detection","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-evaluations-of-teaching","display_name":"student evaluations of teaching","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-stereotypes","display_name":"gender stereotypes","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teacher-gender","display_name":"teacher gender","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-equity-in-higher-education","display_name":"gender equity in higher education","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-based-violence","display_name":"gender-based violence","score":0.6259999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spanish-text","display_name":"Spanish text","score":0.3799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distilbert","display_name":"DistilBERT","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beto","display_name":"BETO","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilstm","display_name":"BiLSTM","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-equity-in-academia","display_name":"gender equity in academia","score":0.3070000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-well-being","display_name":"academic well-being","score":0.5709999799728394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7526000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.738099992275238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983427547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93200","display_name":"Gender bias","level":2,"score":0.7300999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6543999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5443000197410583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.32910001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.30140000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993271050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93200","display_name":"Gender discrimination","level":2,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986849125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Computer aided instruction","level":2,"score":0.28060001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97385483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16954980","display_name":"Deep belief network","level":3,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.26170000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019723476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Electronic learning","level":3,"score":0.2524999976158142}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3661575","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3661575","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3661575","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e52590ca41b04f0c9ea81ec47dea782a","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e52590ca41b04f0c9ea81ec47dea782a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 21257-21278 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3661575","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3661575","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3661575","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.975600004196167,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"},{"score":0.9071000218391418,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"score":0.7307999730110168,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325372","display_name":"Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo","ror":"https://ror.org/04dndfk38"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W997583356","https://openalex.org/W2073555265","https://openalex.org/W2756077599","https://openalex.org/W2786315637","https://openalex.org/W2789792353","https://openalex.org/W2801887493","https://openalex.org/W2901379048","https://openalex.org/W2912431116","https://openalex.org/W2924311687","https://openalex.org/W2944385765","https://openalex.org/W2970868495","https://openalex.org/W2981478815","https://openalex.org/W2984722468","https://openalex.org/W3035400430","https://openalex.org/W3039573821","https://openalex.org/W3040791147","https://openalex.org/W3081483437","https://openalex.org/W3099150152","https://openalex.org/W3100040645","https://openalex.org/W3102257629","https://openalex.org/W3112405903","https://openalex.org/W3121384227","https://openalex.org/W3134690443","https://openalex.org/W3137010816","https://openalex.org/W3142351387","https://openalex.org/W3171797234","https://openalex.org/W3187002403","https://openalex.org/W3191480438","https://openalex.org/W3206047310","https://openalex.org/W3212714783","https://openalex.org/W3212902403","https://openalex.org/W4205267386","https://openalex.org/W4210762872","https://openalex.org/W4220916830","https://openalex.org/W4224239657","https://openalex.org/W4234695593","https://openalex.org/W4282837590","https://openalex.org/W4285297080","https://openalex.org/W4285413871","https://openalex.org/W4286253356","https://openalex.org/W4290996164","https://openalex.org/W4298147082","https://openalex.org/W4303634038","https://openalex.org/W4304688661","https://openalex.org/W4311783867","https://openalex.org/W4317436330","https://openalex.org/W4317502704","https://openalex.org/W4319342157","https://openalex.org/W4377564837","https://openalex.org/W4382301295","https://openalex.org/W4385296669","https://openalex.org/W4385788745","https://openalex.org/W4385807218","https://openalex.org/W4387579086","https://openalex.org/W4388449991","https://openalex.org/W4389356889","https://openalex.org/W4393054218","https://openalex.org/W4402124178","https://openalex.org/W4402316905","https://openalex.org/W4402978848","https://openalex.org/W4403287041","https://openalex.org/W4403985111","https://openalex.org/W4404524652","https://openalex.org/W4408132720","https://openalex.org/W4412593741"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7080692502","https://openalex.org/W4412358000","https://openalex.org/W7037060286","https://openalex.org/W7165425527","https://openalex.org/W4393933642","https://openalex.org/W6941254900","https://openalex.org/W2979187424","https://openalex.org/W7045788765","https://openalex.org/W3201335878","https://openalex.org/W7028986633"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Respect":[1],"and":[2,21,25,69,128,137,143,185,196,203,207,221,232,235,258,264,286,302,326,331,349,355],"inclusion":[3],"are":[4],"essential":[5],"for":[6,55,216,219,223,295],"gender":[7,42,79,126,151,318],"equity":[8],"in":[9,44,84,117,122,153,190],"higher":[10,45,85],"education,":[11],"where":[12],"subtle":[13],"forms":[14],"of":[15,32,65,78,90,95,242,283,293,314,329,336,341],"gender-based":[16,346],"violence,":[17],"such":[18],"as":[19,289,291,345],"bias":[20,43,80,100,152,189,319,347,351],"stereotypes,":[22,184],"often":[23,276],"emerge":[24],"affect":[26],"academic":[27,278],"well-being.":[28],"The":[29,210],"systematic":[30,167],"use":[31],"machine":[33,66],"learning":[34,37,67,71],"or":[35],"deep":[36,70],"models":[38,73,145],"to":[39,74,103,170,205,254,266],"automatically":[40],"identify":[41,75,171],"education":[46],"teaching":[47,91,119,251],"evaluations":[48,89,120,193],"remains":[49],"underexplored,":[50],"providing":[51],"the":[52,56,63,93,134,317,324,337,359],"main":[53],"motivation":[54],"present":[57],"study.":[58],"Purpose:":[59],"This":[60],"work":[61],"evaluates":[62],"ability":[64],"(ML)":[68],"(DL)":[72],"textual":[76],"expressions":[77,292],"on":[81,248,316,358],"digital":[82],"platforms":[83],"education.":[86],"Using":[87],"student":[88,115],"from":[92,194],"University":[94],"B\u00cdo-B\u00cdo":[96],"(Chile),":[97],"we":[98],"characterize":[99],"patterns":[101,130],"linked":[102],"instructor":[104],"gender.":[105],"We":[106,163,225],"address":[107],"two":[108],"questions:":[109],"RQ1:":[110],"To":[111],"what":[112],"extent":[113],"do":[114,141],"comments":[116,214,247,271,343],"university":[118],"written":[121],"Spanish":[123],"exhibit":[124],"explicit":[125,150],"biases":[127],"stereotypical":[129],"when":[131,157],"stratified":[132],"by":[133,176],"instructor\u2019s":[135],"gender?":[136],"RQ2:":[138],"How":[139],"accurately":[140],"ML":[142],"DL":[144],"(SVM,":[146],"BETO,":[147],"DistilBERT)":[148],"detect":[149],"this":[154],"domain-specific":[155],"corpus":[156],"evaluated":[158],"using":[159],"macro-average":[160],"metrics?":[161],"Method:":[162],"conducted":[164],"a":[165,177,339],"PRISMA-guided":[166],"review":[168],"(2018\u20132024)":[169],"suitable":[172],"detection":[173,320],"techniques,":[174],"followed":[175],"determinant-variable":[178],"analysis":[179,241],"examining":[180],"how":[181],"gender-related":[182],"attributes,":[183],"comment":[186],"features":[187],"influence":[188],"feedback.":[191],"Student":[192],"2017\u20132019":[195],"2023":[197],"were":[198,304],"annotated":[199],"with":[200,280],"binary":[201],"labels":[202],"used":[204],"train":[206],"evaluate":[208],"models.":[209],"dataset":[211,340],"contains":[212],"960":[213,342],"(691":[215],"training,":[217],"77":[218],"validation,":[220],"192":[222],"testing).":[224],"then":[226],"developed":[227],"predictive":[228],"models,":[229],"including":[230],"SVMs":[231],"transformer-based":[233],"(BETO":[234],"DistilBERT).":[236],"Results:":[237],"For":[238,299],"RQ1,":[239],"an":[240],"determinant":[243],"variables":[244],"shows":[245],"that":[246],"female":[249],"instructors\u2019":[250],"performance":[252],"tend":[253],"emphasize":[255],"personal":[256],"traits":[257],"relational":[259],"behaviors,":[260],"particularly":[261],"dedication,":[262],"accessibility,":[263],"willingness":[265],"answer":[267],"questions.":[268],"In":[269],"contrast,":[270],"about":[272],"male":[273],"instructors":[274],"more":[275],"highlight":[277],"competence,":[279],"frequent":[281],"mentions":[282],"subject":[284],"mastery":[285],"content":[287],"expertise,":[288],"well":[290,322],"admiration":[294],"their":[296],"intellectual":[297],"performance.":[298],"RQ2,":[300],"BETO+BiLSTM":[301],"DistiIBERT+BiLSTM":[303],"developed,":[305],"which":[306],"performed":[307],"strongly,":[308],"achieving":[309],"average":[310],"macro":[311],"Fl":[312],"score":[313],"99%":[315],"task,":[321],"above":[323],"BETO":[325],"SVM":[327],"baselines":[328],"95%":[330],"88%,":[332],"respectively.":[333],"As":[334],"part":[335],"results,":[338],"labeled":[344],"(GB)":[348],"non-gender-based":[350],"(N-GB)":[352],"was":[353],"compiled":[354],"made":[356],"available":[357],"Zenodo":[360],"repository":[361],"at":[362],"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17665445":[363]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2026-02-09T00:00:00"}
