{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128301410","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3662158","title":"Investigating Metocean Effects on Floating Offshore Wind Platform Positional Offset Using Sentinel-2 Imagery","display_name":"Investigating Metocean Effects on Floating Offshore Wind Platform Positional Offset Using Sentinel-2 Imagery","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128301410","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3662158"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3662158","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3662158","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3662158","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3662158","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071966661","display_name":"Leonardo Viegas Filipe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4161-668X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4161-668X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137051","display_name":"WavEC Offshore Renewables","ror":"https://ror.org/03kdb6a28","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137051"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leonardo Viegas Filipe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering and Operations, WavEC Offshore Renewables, Lisbon, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4161-668X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering and Operations, WavEC Offshore Renewables, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137051"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040028445","display_name":"Tiago Andr\u00e9 da Mota","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5638-4644","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5638-4644"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137051","display_name":"WavEC Offshore Renewables","ror":"https://ror.org/03kdb6a28","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137051"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiago Mota","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering and Operations, WavEC Offshore Renewables, Lisbon, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5638-4644","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering and Operations, WavEC Offshore Renewables, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137051"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036354123","display_name":"Francisco Correia da Fonseca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2143-2449","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2143-2449"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137051","display_name":"WavEC Offshore Renewables","ror":"https://ror.org/03kdb6a28","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137051"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisco Correia Da Fonseca","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering and Operations, WavEC Offshore Renewables, Lisbon, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2143-2449","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering and Operations, WavEC Offshore Renewables, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137051"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039246670","display_name":"M\u00e1rio Vieira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2986-9757","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2986-9757"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137051","display_name":"WavEC Offshore Renewables","ror":"https://ror.org/03kdb6a28","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137051"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M\u00e1rio Vieira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering and Operations, WavEC Offshore Renewables, Lisbon, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2986-9757","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering and Operations, WavEC Offshore Renewables, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137051"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137051"],"apc_list":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"apc_paid":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"27602","last_page":"27631"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11250","display_name":"Wave and Wind Energy Systems","score":0.8784000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11250","display_name":"Wave and Wind Energy Systems","score":0.8784000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10680","display_name":"Wind Energy Research and Development","score":0.04650000110268593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.02500000037252903,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/floating-offshore-wind","display_name":"floating offshore wind","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semisubmersible-platform","display_name":"semi-submersible platform","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentinel-2-imagery","display_name":"Sentinel-2 imagery","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-monitoring","display_name":"remote monitoring","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/u-net-segmentation","display_name":"U-Net segmentation","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-speed-and-direction","display_name":"wind speed and direction","score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wave-forcing","display_name":"wave forcing","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"anomaly detection","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictive-maintenance","display_name":"predictive maintenance","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/condition-monitoring","display_name":"condition monitoring","score":0.4519999921321869}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.7253999710083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6302000284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162284963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17106102","display_name":"Submarine pipeline","level":2,"score":0.5734999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.5174999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8735168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61637704","display_name":"Offshore wind power","level":3,"score":0.3862999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.38029998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161067210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464943","display_name":"Wind speed","level":2,"score":0.3564000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3416999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199104240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291","display_name":"Marine engineering","level":1,"score":0.3294000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78600449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302","display_name":"Wind power","level":2,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118365302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817115","display_name":"Atmospheric model","level":2,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3662158","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3662158","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3662158","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:36e9cc49544d4d7899407f1d8990eff0","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/36e9cc49544d4d7899407f1d8990eff0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 27602-27631 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3662158","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3662158","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3662158","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.821399986743927,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"},{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5690000057220459,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5378999710083008,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5120996747","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RITM0111444 - UM-SB","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318240","funder_display_name":"European Space Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318240","display_name":"European Space Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/03wd9za21"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2038127554","https://openalex.org/W2129112648","https://openalex.org/W2157494358","https://openalex.org/W2785684079","https://openalex.org/W2891177644","https://openalex.org/W2902325670","https://openalex.org/W3186122083","https://openalex.org/W3186593622","https://openalex.org/W4220694603","https://openalex.org/W4285086255","https://openalex.org/W4296365400","https://openalex.org/W4316039149","https://openalex.org/W4402463817","https://openalex.org/W4402738187","https://openalex.org/W4405121163","https://openalex.org/W4407396668","https://openalex.org/W4411980324"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4413320432","https://openalex.org/W4413080844","https://openalex.org/W4389820889","https://openalex.org/W4220694603","https://openalex.org/W4407944518","https://openalex.org/W3046786181","https://openalex.org/W4416887471","https://openalex.org/W4402834118","https://openalex.org/W140631287","https://openalex.org/W1988086990"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"floating":[1,42],"offshore":[2,7,318],"wind":[3,43,80,102,114,142,161,319],"farms":[4],"move":[5],"further":[6,151],"into":[8],"more":[9,316],"challenging":[10],"environments,":[11],"robust":[12],"and":[13,23,45,81,87,104,131,143,214,240,248,265,315],"scalable":[14],"monitoring":[15,288],"strategies":[16],"become":[17],"critical":[18],"for":[19,113,121,166,177,205,231],"maintaining":[20],"operational":[21,170],"safety":[22],"performance.":[24],"This":[25],"study":[26,207],"investigates":[27],"the":[28,37,135,164,173,206,306],"use":[29],"of":[30,40,71,119,137,169,223,308],"Sentinel-2":[31,238,282],"satellite":[32],"imagery":[33,239,283],"to":[34,50,61,128,313],"remotely":[35],"track":[36],"positional":[38,72],"offset":[39,155],"semi-submersible":[41],"platforms":[44,64],"evaluate":[46],"their":[47],"dynamic":[48],"response":[49],"varying":[51],"metocean":[52,250],"conditions.":[53],"A":[54],"convolutional":[55],"neural":[56],"network":[57],"(U-Net)":[58],"was":[59,126],"developed":[60],"segment":[62],"turbine":[63,183],"in":[65,182,279],"optical":[66],"imagery,":[67],"enabling":[68],"automated":[69],"extraction":[70],"data.":[73],"These":[74,273],"positions":[75],"were":[76,202],"then":[77],"correlated":[78],"with":[79,140,159,180],"wave":[82,144],"parameters":[83],"using":[84],"both":[85,141],"linear":[86],"multivariate":[88],"regression":[89],"models.":[90],"The":[91,297],"results":[92],"indicate":[93],"a":[94,220,270,292],"statistically":[95],"significant":[96],"but":[97,304],"moderate":[98],"global":[99],"correlation":[100],"between":[101,245],"speed":[103],"platform":[105,235],"horizontal":[106],"displacement,":[107],"which":[108],"improves":[109],"substantially":[110],"when":[111],"accounting":[112],"directionality,":[115],"reaching":[116],"$R^{2}$":[117],"values":[118],"0.73":[120],"westerly":[122],"winds.":[123],"Horizontal":[124],"displacement":[125],"found":[127],"be":[129],"anisotropic":[130],"strongly":[132],"dependent":[133],"on":[134],"direction":[136],"environmental":[138],"forcing,":[139],"contributions":[145],"playing":[146],"key":[147],"roles.":[148],"Clustering":[149],"analysis":[150],"revealed":[152],"four":[153],"distinct":[154],"regimes,":[156],"each":[157],"associated":[158],"characteristic":[160],"patterns,":[162],"confirming":[163],"potential":[165],"satellite-driven":[167],"classification":[168],"states.":[171],"Additionally,":[172],"method":[174],"demonstrated":[175],"value":[176],"anomaly":[178],"detection,":[179],"deviations":[181],"position":[184,192,197],"highlighting":[185],"possible":[186],"mooring":[187,200],"line":[188],"failures.":[189],"Independent":[190],"in-situ":[191,287],"measurements":[193],"(e.g.,":[194],"GNSS/INS,":[195],"SCADA":[196],"channels,":[198],"or":[199,254],"telemetry)":[201],"not":[203,267,300],"available":[204],"period;":[208],"therefore,":[209],"we":[210],"report":[211],"uncertainty":[212],"bounds":[213],"surrogate":[215],"consistency":[216],"evidence":[217],"rather":[218],"than":[219],"direct":[221],"validation":[222],"absolute":[224],"offsets.":[225],"We":[226],"demonstrate":[227],"an":[228,261],"end-to-end":[229],"workflow":[230],"1)":[232],"extracting":[233],"apparent":[234],"offsets":[236,247],"from":[237],"2)":[241],"reporting":[242],"descriptive":[243],"associations":[244],"these":[246],"farm-scale":[249],"forcing;":[251],"any":[252],"asset-health":[253],"degradation":[255],"inference":[256],"is":[257,266],"presented":[258],"only":[259,301],"as":[260,269],"exploratory":[262],"condition-indicator":[263],"example":[264],"claimed":[268],"validated":[271],"diagnostic.":[272],"findings":[274],"suggest":[275],"that,":[276],"despite":[277],"limitations":[278],"spatial":[280],"resolution,":[281],"can":[284],"complement":[285],"traditional":[286],"systems":[289],"by":[290],"offering":[291],"cost-effective,":[293],"wide-area":[294],"surveillance":[295],"layer.":[296],"approach":[298],"supports":[299],"real-time":[302],"tracking":[303],"also":[305],"development":[307],"predictive":[309],"maintenance":[310],"tools,":[311],"contributing":[312],"safer":[314],"resilient":[317],"operations.":[320]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-02-09T00:00:00"}