{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128249014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18020305","title":"A Symmetric Variable Gain for a Sliding Mode Controller Applied to a Power Converter System in a Small Wind Turbine","display_name":"A Symmetric Variable Gain for a Sliding Mode Controller Applied to a Power Converter System in a Small Wind Turbine","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128249014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18020305"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym18020305","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18020305","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18020305","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/18/2/305/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/18/2/305/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025697590","display_name":"Eduardo Campos Mercado","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3852-1859","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3852-1859"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eduardo Campos-Mercado","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Estudios de la Energ\u00eda, SECIHTI-Universidad del Istmo, Sto. Domingo Tehuantepec, Oaxaca 70760, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3852-1859","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Estudios de la Energ\u00eda, SECIHTI-Universidad del Istmo, Sto. Domingo Tehuantepec, Oaxaca 70760, Mexico","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125303549","display_name":"Jonathan Benitez-Ovando","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8772-0738","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8772-0738"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Benitez-Ovando","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Estudios de la Energ\u00eda, Universidad del Istmo, Oaxaca 70760, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8772-0738","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Estudios de la Energ\u00eda, Universidad del Istmo, Oaxaca 70760, Mexico","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047070822","display_name":"Efra\u00edn Due\u00f1as Reyes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5639-766X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5639-766X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Efra\u00edn Due\u00f1as-Reyes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Estudios de la Energ\u00eda, Universidad del Istmo, Oaxaca 70760, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5639-766X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Estudios de la Energ\u00eda, Universidad del Istmo, Oaxaca 70760, Mexico","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035080081","display_name":"I. Montoya De Los Santos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3664-1881","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3664-1881"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Isaac Montoya-De Los Santos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Estudios de la Energ\u00eda, Universidad del Istmo, Oaxaca 70760, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3664-1881","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Estudios de la Energ\u00eda, Universidad del Istmo, Oaxaca 70760, Mexico","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058547114","display_name":"Hugo Francisco Abundis\u2010Fong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6371-3145","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6371-3145"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090124","display_name":"Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico","ror":"https://ror.org/00davry38","country_code":"MX","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1302736544","https://openalex.org/I4210090124","https://openalex.org/I4405258672"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4400573181","display_name":"Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico, Campus Pachuca","ror":"https://ror.org/0248dkz36","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1302736544","https://openalex.org/I4210090124","https://openalex.org/I4400573181","https://openalex.org/I4405258672"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hugo Francisco Abundis-Fong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico/I.T de Pachuca, Pachuca de Soto, Hidalgo 42080, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6371-3145","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico/I.T de Pachuca, Pachuca de Soto, Hidalgo 42080, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090124","https://openalex.org/I4400573181"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068249364","display_name":"Ad\u00e1n Acosta-Banda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3979-9759","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3979-9759"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ad\u00e1n Acosta-Banda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Estudios de la Energ\u00eda, SECIHTI-Universidad del Istmo, Sto. Domingo Tehuantepec, Oaxaca 70760, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3979-9759","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Estudios de la Energ\u00eda, SECIHTI-Universidad del Istmo, Sto. Domingo Tehuantepec, Oaxaca 70760, Mexico","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042179171","display_name":"Emmanuel Hern\u00e1ndez-Mayoral","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0199-5252","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0199-5252"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8961855","display_name":"Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico","ror":"https://ror.org/01tmp8f25","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8961855"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emmanuel Hern\u00e1ndez-Mayoral","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Renewable Energies, SECIHTI-Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Temixco 62580, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0199-5252","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Renewable Energies, SECIHTI-Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Temixco 62580, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8961855"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025697590"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.04536889,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"2","first_page":"305","last_page":"305"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10740","display_name":"Wind Turbine Control Systems","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10740","display_name":"Wind Turbine Control Systems","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10175","display_name":"Advanced DC-DC Converters","score":0.007600000128149986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10040","display_name":"Adaptive Control of Nonlinear Systems","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sliding-mode-control","display_name":"sliding mode control","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable-gain","display_name":"variable gain","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-wind-turbines","display_name":"small wind turbines","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/buck-converter","display_name":"buck converter","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/output-voltage-regulation","display_name":"output voltage regulation","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-gust-disturbance","display_name":"wind gust disturbance","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-converters","display_name":"power converters","score":0.5569999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-energy-systems","display_name":"wind energy systems","score":0.5960000157356262}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.8564000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78600449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302","display_name":"Wind power","level":2,"score":0.7361999750137329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.6651999950408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778449969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130760","display_name":"Turbine","level":2,"score":0.6567999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150818752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83804","display_name":"Buck converter","level":3,"score":0.5227000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5210999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776336204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17104528","display_name":"Variable speed wind turbine","level":4,"score":0.5184000134468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.5115000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5091000199317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161067210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464943","display_name":"Wind speed","level":2,"score":0.4968999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4853000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.4413999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36662352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6008560","display_name":"Sliding mode control","level":3,"score":0.40059998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56685638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300474","display_name":"Power control","level":3,"score":0.33709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145180747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7236587","display_name":"Power optimizer","level":5,"score":0.3012999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.28540000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178911571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593143","display_name":"Power electronics","level":3,"score":0.2791000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116615679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795908","display_name":"Maximum power principle","level":3,"score":0.2736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92746544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585184","display_name":"Pulse-width modulation","level":3,"score":0.2547000050544739}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym18020305","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18020305","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18020305","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/18/2/305/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym18020305","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18020305","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18020305","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/18/2/305/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9853000044822693,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128249014.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128249014.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1516289514","https://openalex.org/W1559107966","https://openalex.org/W1599987983","https://openalex.org/W1991393804","https://openalex.org/W2098178529","https://openalex.org/W2113188111","https://openalex.org/W2617104642","https://openalex.org/W2791484908","https://openalex.org/W2799481890","https://openalex.org/W2890735270","https://openalex.org/W2912647420","https://openalex.org/W3091943415","https://openalex.org/W3135180120","https://openalex.org/W3201000909","https://openalex.org/W3208930149","https://openalex.org/W3213646623","https://openalex.org/W4248920850","https://openalex.org/W4311980814","https://openalex.org/W4392814203","https://openalex.org/W4402629687"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2784213450","https://openalex.org/W4412815207","https://openalex.org/W3109495039","https://openalex.org/W2329129324","https://openalex.org/W1974240088","https://openalex.org/W7127202011","https://openalex.org/W3126274215","https://openalex.org/W4399801099","https://openalex.org/W4406426255","https://openalex.org/W2054868180"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Interest":[0],"in":[1,12],"wind":[2,17,23,54,113],"energy":[3],"systems":[4],"of":[5,46,89,117],"different":[6],"power":[7,30],"ratings":[8],"has":[9],"increased":[10],"significantly":[11],"recent":[13],"years;":[14],"however,":[15],"low-power":[16,112],"turbines":[18],"are":[19],"particularly":[20],"sensitive":[21],"to":[22,75,82,94],"gust":[24],"disturbances,":[25],"which":[26,105],"strongly":[27],"affect":[28],"their":[29],"electronic":[31],"systems.":[32],"In":[33],"this":[34,57],"work,":[35],"a":[36,47,52,59,107],"control":[37,70,79],"strategy":[38],"is":[39,63,93,121],"proposed":[40,91,119],"for":[41],"regulating":[42],"the":[43,66,73,78,83,90,118],"output":[44,96],"voltage":[45,97],"buck":[48],"converter":[49],"integrated":[50],"into":[51,65],"small":[53],"turbine.":[55],"To":[56],"end,":[58],"symmetric":[60],"variable":[61],"gain":[62],"incorporated":[64],"classical":[67],"sliding":[68],"mode":[69],"framework,":[71],"enabling":[72],"controller":[74,120],"dynamically":[76],"adjust":[77],"effort":[80],"according":[81],"operating":[84],"conditions.":[85],"The":[86,115],"main":[87],"objective":[88],"approach":[92],"mitigate":[95],"fluctuations":[98],"induced":[99],"by":[100],"Extreme":[101],"Operating":[102],"Gusts":[103],"(EOGs),":[104],"have":[106],"more":[108],"pronounced":[109],"impact":[110],"on":[111],"turbines.":[114],"effectiveness":[116],"validated":[122],"through":[123],"both":[124],"simulation":[125],"and":[126],"experimental":[127],"results.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-02-08T00:00:00"}