{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128166232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2026.2ciss023","title":"Validation of the Polar 360 Upper Arm Strap for Heart Rate Measurement Across a Variety of Activities and Intensities","display_name":"Validation of the Polar 360 Upper Arm Strap for Heart Rate Measurement Across a Variety of Activities and Intensities","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128166232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2026.2ciss023"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.36950/2026.2ciss023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2026.2ciss023","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2026.2ciss023","pdf_url":"https://www.medcalc.org/download/pdf/McBride2005.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210231020","display_name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","issn_l":"2414-6641","issn":["2414-6641"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","ddh","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317864","host_organization_name":"Innsbruck University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317864"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Innsbruck University Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.medcalc.org/download/pdf/McBride2005.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042474644","display_name":"Rahel Gilgen-Ammann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2323-7302","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2323-7302"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097597","display_name":"Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM","ror":"https://ror.org/00c9w1q32","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097597"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rahel Gilgen-Ammann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2323-7302","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097597"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066283126","display_name":"Theresa Schweizer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6816-2100","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6816-2100"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097597","display_name":"Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM","ror":"https://ror.org/00c9w1q32","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097597"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Theresa Schweizer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6816-2100","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097597"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031782980","display_name":"Dennis L\u00fcdin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7960-8160","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7960-8160"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097597","display_name":"Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM","ror":"https://ror.org/00c9w1q32","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097597"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dennis L\u00fcdin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7960-8160","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097597"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097597"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"2","first_page":"023","last_page":"023"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11209","display_name":"Cardiovascular and exercise physiology","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heart-rate-monitoring","display_name":"heart rate monitoring","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoplethysmography","display_name":"photoplethysmography","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-validation","display_name":"sensor validation","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-intensity-interval-training","display_name":"high-intensity interval training","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resistance-training","display_name":"resistance training","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cycling","display_name":"cycling","score":0.5260000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treadmill-running","display_name":"treadmill running","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion-artifacts","display_name":"motion artifacts","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activity-trackers","display_name":"wearable activity trackers","score":0.3449999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concordance-correlation-coefficient","display_name":"concordance correlation coefficient","score":0.7770000100135803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116390426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187885","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","level":3,"score":0.6726999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29705727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294562","display_name":"Polar","level":2,"score":0.5717999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777953023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1073121","display_name":"Heart rate","level":3,"score":0.5281999707221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160798450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4230870","display_name":"Concordance","level":2,"score":0.49470001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781059462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5158906","display_name":"Concordance correlation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.4869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.45019999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775893642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q925303","display_name":"Heart rate monitor","level":4,"score":0.43220001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780092901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433612","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.41999998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4156000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89838059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623738","display_name":"Coefficient of variation","level":2,"score":0.39809998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986565385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852453","display_name":"Motion sensors","level":2,"score":0.38989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781464450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839144","display_name":"Treadmill","level":2,"score":0.385699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018577593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q470749","display_name":"Limits of agreement","level":2,"score":0.3443000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3407999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19619285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196372","display_name":"Observational error","level":2,"score":0.33649998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910271056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33609","display_name":"Ursus maritimus","level":3,"score":0.32820001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019950295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2041172","display_name":"Measurement device","level":2,"score":0.3276999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202799725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272035","display_name":"Accuracy and precision","level":2,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992583082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9645","display_name":"Upper body","level":3,"score":0.30079999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9893847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425625","display_name":"Reproducibility","level":2,"score":0.29739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.28850001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188154048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6803609","display_name":"Mean absolute error","level":3,"score":0.2824000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.28110000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18747219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620994","display_name":"Standard error","level":2,"score":0.2572999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.2533999979496002}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.36950/2026.2ciss023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2026.2ciss023","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2026.2ciss023","pdf_url":"https://www.medcalc.org/download/pdf/McBride2005.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210231020","display_name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","issn_l":"2414-6641","issn":["2414-6641"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","ddh","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317864","host_organization_name":"Innsbruck University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317864"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Innsbruck University Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:59b4bb9ad6204c96aa28fff23bdc808d","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/59b4bb9ad6204c96aa28fff23bdc808d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Current Issues in Sport Science, Vol 11, Iss 2 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.36950/2026.2ciss023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2026.2ciss023","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2026.2ciss023","pdf_url":"https://www.medcalc.org/download/pdf/McBride2005.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210231020","display_name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","issn_l":"2414-6641","issn":["2414-6641"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","ddh","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317864","host_organization_name":"Innsbruck University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317864"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Innsbruck University Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9537000060081482,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128166232.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128166232.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4407385710","https://openalex.org/W4403531339","https://openalex.org/W7117464972","https://openalex.org/W7166745439","https://openalex.org/W7167508338","https://openalex.org/W3128020725","https://openalex.org/W7116740634","https://openalex.org/W2808541596","https://openalex.org/W7019552212","https://openalex.org/W4313233137"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction":[0],"&":[1,55,330,367,435,441],"Purpose:":[2],"Wearable":[3],"devices":[4],"using":[5,148],"photoplethysmography":[6],"(PPG)":[7],"are":[8,48],"increasingly":[9],"used":[10],"for":[11,181,339,402,419,422,449],"non-invasive":[12],"monitoring":[13,405,450],"of":[14,78,110,205,209,251,257,384,433],"physiological":[15],"responses":[16],"during":[17,453],"daily":[18],"life":[19,392],"and":[20,29,32,47,80,136,161,179,202,315,317,326,361,389,409,446,455],"physical":[21,457],"activity.":[22,349],"However,":[23],"accuracy":[24,262,312,346,356],"can":[25],"vary":[26],"with":[27,38,97,234,249,343,351,358],"movement":[28],"sensor":[30,154],"placement,":[31,388],"continuous":[33,403],"validation":[34,460],"remains":[35],"essential.":[36],"Compared":[37],"wrist-worn":[39],"devices,":[40],"upper-arm":[41,72,387],"placements":[42],"showed":[43,231,266,320],"higher-quality":[44],"PPG":[45,152],"signals":[46],"less":[49],"affected":[50],"by":[51,106,348],"motion":[52,360],"artefacts":[53],"(Schweizer":[54,366],"Gilgen-Ammann,":[56,368,442],"2025).":[57,369],"This":[58],"study":[59],"aimed":[60],"to":[61,222,398],"validate":[62],"heart":[63,451],"rate":[64,452],"(HR)":[65],"measurements":[66],"obtained":[67],"from":[68,217],"the":[69,149,157,162,203,210,228,235,258,371],"Polar":[70,150,163,229,333,372],"360":[71,151,230,334,373],"strap":[73,169],"across":[74,378],"a":[75,107,395],"wide":[76],"range":[77],"activities":[79],"intensities.":[81],"Methods:":[82],"Fourteen":[83],"healthy":[84],"adults":[85],"(7":[86],"females;":[87],"173.4":[88],"\u00b1":[89,92,95,219,224],"9.0cm,":[90],"71.9":[91],"10.2kg,":[93],"33.4":[94],"9.2years)":[96],"fair":[98],"skin":[99],"completed":[100],"six":[101],"laboratory-based":[102],"activities,":[103],"each":[104],"separated":[105],"two":[108],"minutes":[109],"transition/rest:":[111],"(1)":[112],"2min":[113],"lying,":[114],"(2)":[115],"5min":[116],"sitting,":[117],"(3)":[118],"treadmill":[119],"walking\u2013jogging\u2013running\u2013jogging\u2013walking":[120],"sequence":[121],"(5\u00d73min),":[122,130],"(4)":[123],"ergometer":[124],"cycling":[125,265],"at":[126],"low\u2013moderate\u2013high\u2013very":[127],"high\u2013low":[128],"intensities":[129],"(5)":[131],"8min":[132,138],"strength":[133,318],"training":[134,141,319],"circuits,":[135],"(6)":[137],"high-intensity":[139],"interval":[140],"(HIIT)":[142],"circuits.":[143],"HR":[144,172,214,253,340,355,404],"was":[145],"measured":[146],"concurrently":[147],"(1Hz)":[153],"worn":[155],"on":[156],"non-dominant":[158],"upper":[159],"arm":[160],"H10":[164,259],"electrocardiogram":[165],"(ECG,":[166],"1Hz)":[167],"chest":[168,400],"as":[170,313],"criterion.":[171,211],"data":[173,206],"were":[174],"averaged":[175],"in":[176,406],"10-s":[177,252],"intervals":[178,254],"analyzed":[180],"systematic":[182],"bias":[183],"(mean":[184],"difference),":[185],"mean":[186,190],"absolute":[187,191],"error":[188,193],"(MAE),":[189],"percentage":[192,204],"(MAPE),":[194],"Lin\u2019s":[195,423],"concordance":[196,424],"correlation":[197,425],"coefficient":[198,426],"(CCC)":[199],"(McBride,":[200],"2005),":[201],"within":[207,255,282,302],"\u00b15bpm":[208,256],"Results:":[212],"Criterion":[213],"values":[215],"ranged":[216],"69.4":[218],"11.9bpm":[220],"(lying)":[221],"161.1":[223],"15.9bpm":[225],"(HIIT).":[226],"Overall,":[227],"substantial":[232],"agreement":[233,268,322],"criterion":[236],"(bias":[237,269,289],"=":[238,241,244,247,270,273,276,279,290,293,296,299,324],"\u22120.65bpm,":[239],"MAE":[240,272,292],"1.93bpm,":[242],"MAPE":[243,275,295],"1.62%,":[245],"CCC":[246,278,298],"0.987),":[248],"92.3%":[250],"reference.":[260],"Activity-specific":[261],"varied":[263,347],"markedly:":[264],"excellent":[267],"\u22120.02bpm,":[271],"0.62bpm,":[274],"0.44%,":[277],"0.999,":[280],"99.5%":[281],"\u00b15bpm),":[283],"whereas":[284],"HIIT":[285],"produced":[286],"poorer":[287],"results":[288],"\u22121.93bpm,":[291],"4.18bpm,":[294],"2.71%,":[297],"0.828,":[300],"81.3%":[301],"\u00b15bpm).":[303],"Walking":[304],"demonstrated":[305,335],"near-excellent":[306],"agreement,":[307],"lying":[308],"yielded":[309],"similarly":[310],"low":[311],"HIIT,":[314],"sitting":[316],"moderate":[321],"(CCC":[323],"0.904":[325],"0.910,":[327],"respectively).":[328],"Discussion":[329],"Conclusion:":[331],"The":[332],"strong":[336],"overall":[337],"validity":[338],"measurement":[341],"compared":[342],"ECG,":[344],"though":[345],"Consistent":[350],"previous":[352],"findings,":[353],"PPG-based":[354],"decreased":[357],"greater":[359],"reduced":[362],"peripheral":[363],"blood":[364],"flow":[365],"Nevertheless,":[370],"outperformed":[374],"most":[375],"commercial":[376],"wearables":[377,448],"comparable":[379],"activity":[380],"conditions.":[381],"Its":[382],"combination":[383],"accuracy,":[385],"comfortable":[386],"long":[390],"battery":[391],"make":[393],"it":[394],"promising":[396],"alternative":[397],"ECG-based":[399],"straps":[401],"both":[407],"research":[408],"applied":[410],"settings.":[411],"References":[412],"McBride,":[413],"G.":[414],"B.":[415],"(2005).":[416],"A":[417],"proposal":[418],"strength-of-agreement":[420],"criteria":[421],"(NIWA":[427],"Client":[428],"Report:":[429],"HAM2005-062).":[430],"National":[431],"Institute":[432],"Water":[434],"Atmospheric":[436],"Research.":[437],"https://www.medcalc.org/download/pdf/McBride2005.pdf":[438],"Schweizer,":[439],"T.,":[440],"R.":[443],"(2025).":[444],"Wrist-worn":[445],"arm-worn":[447],"sedentary":[454],"light-to-vigorous":[456],"activities:":[458],"Device":[459],"study.":[461],"JMIR":[462],"Cardio,":[463],"9,":[464],"Article":[465],"e67110.":[466],"https://doi.org/10.2196/67110":[467]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2026-02-07T00:00:00"}